Cosmology & Galaxies Articles: Reviews

  1. Anthropic Principle, Eternal Inflation, the Multiverse and the Pan-Universe
  2. Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAOs)
  3. Bayesian Analysis
  4. Big Bang Era
  5. Cosmic Microwave Background, Cosmic Background Radiation, and the Cosmic Neutrino Background
  6. Cosmological Models
  7. Cosmology in General
  8. Dark Matter
  9. Dark Energy
  10. Galaxies
  11. History
  12. Hydrogen 21-Centimeter Line
  13. Inflation and Quantum Cosmology
  14. Large-Scale Structure
  15. Milky Way
  16. MOND
  17. Primordial Black Holes (PBHs)
  18. Primordial Fluctuations, Power Spectrum, Structure Growth, Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAOs)
  19. Reionization
  1. Anthropic Principle, Eternal Inflation, the Multiverse and the Pan-Universe:
    1. Evolution of human cognition required Einstein's gravitational waves: Bernard F. Schutz, Tsvi Piran, Patrick J. Sutton, arXiv, 2025, Mar05, 25 pages: Research/Review: On general relativity, gravitational waves and anthropic principle. It serves as useful review of discussed concepts. / keywords_cosmology.html.
  2. Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAOs):
    1. Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from galaxy surveys: Paula S. Ferreira, Ribamar R. R. Reis, arXiv, 2024, Dec05, 20 pages: Review: On baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAOs). / keywords_cosmology.html.
  3. Bayesian Analysis and Other Analysis Methods:
    1. A Educational Note on Bayesian Analysis in Dialogue Form: David Jeffery, 2024, 12 pages: Review: On why Bayesian analysis is a true theory. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    2. * | Bayesian inference: More than Bayes's theorem: Thomas J. Loredo, Robert L. Wolpert, arXiv, 2024, Jun27, 35 pages: Review: On Bayesian analysis. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    3. A Conceptual Introduction to Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods: Joshua S. Speagle (Speagle 2019, Speagle, J. 2019, 1909.12313), arXiv, 2019, Sep26, 54 pages: Review: On Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods and Bayesian analysis. Maybe really useful for teaching purposes. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    4. ** | Bayesian Methods in Cosmology: Roberto Trotta (Trotta 2017, Trotta R. 2017, arXiv:1701.01467), arXiv, 2017, Jan05, 86 pages: Review: On Bayesian inference (AKA Bayesian analysis) in cosmology. Probably pretty useful. I should teach it to make up half the course. A more compact intro (without cosmology) is Kass & Raftery, 1995.
      --- Keywords: anthropic principle, Bayesian inference (see also Bayes' theorem, Bayesian probability, Bayesian statistics, Bayes factor (AKA Bayes K factor), priors, posteriors), Boltzmann brain, cold dark matter (CDM), concordance model, concordance model distance measures graph, cosmological redshift, cosmology, dark energy, dark matter, expansion of the universe, fine-tuned universe, fundamental constants, IceCube Neutrino Observatory, IOP cosmological parameters summary: bit dated, metaphysical naturalism, multiverse, philosophical cosmology, philosophy, pocket universe, Universe in Problems: lots of solutions, etc.
    5. Bayes Factors: Kass, R.E., Raftery, A.E.: Bayes factors. J. Am. Stat. Ass. 90(430), 773--795 (1995) 1995, 24 pages: Review: On Bayesian analysis. / keywords_cosmology.html.
  4. Big Bang Era:
    1. Antimatter: Beatriz Gato-Rivera arXiv, 2024, Dec05, 14 pages: Review: On antimatter. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    2. * | Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: Ryan Cooke arXiv, 2024, Sep06, 27 pages: Review: On Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). Note Elizabeth Gibney, 2025 Mar26, Nature, A A difference in the way matter and antimatter baryons decay which could help to explain a major cosmic mystery. See also Wikipedia: Antimatter: Origin and asymmetry. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    3. Gravitational wave astronomy and the expansion history of the Universe: Massimo Giovannini, arXiv, 2024, Dec18, 91 pages: Review: On the very early universe (cosmic time t <∼ 10**(-12) s), early universe (cosmic time (10**(-12) s -- 377700(3200) y), gravitational waves, and more. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    4. BBN-simple: How to Bake a Universe-Sized Cake: Aidan Meador-Woodruff, Dragan Huterer arXiv, 2024, Dec10, 16 pages: Review: On Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) and how grad students themselves could do the computer simulations. / keywords_cosmology.html.
  5. Cosmic Microwave Background, Cosmic Background Radiation, and the Cosmic Neutrino Background:
    1. The Cosmic Microwave Background -- Secondary Anisotropies: Federico Bianchini, Abhishek S. Maniyar arXiv, 2025, Jan23, 25 pages: Review: On the cosmic microwave background (CMB) T = 2.7260(13) K and its secondary anistropies for all reasons in on its way to us. Recall, the CMB is a special case of the cosmic background radiation (CBR). / keywords_cosmology.html.
    2. The Cosmic Microwave Background: Spectral Distortions: Jens Chluba arXiv, 2025, Jan26, 25 pages: Review: On the cosmic microwave background (CMB) T = 2.7260(13) K and its spectral distortions. Recall, the CMB is a special case of the cosmic background radiation (CBR). / keywords_cosmology.html.
    3. The Cosmic Neutrino Background: Douglas Scott, arXiv, 2024, Feb26, 19 pages: Review On the cosmic neutrino background (CνB). / keywords_cosmology.html.
  6. Cosmological Models:
    1. A Heuristic Two-Dark-Energy-Components Model for Cosmic Scale Factor Evolution: David Jeffery, 2025, Review/Research, in preparation, but lots of it is complete. It is actually a review of Friedmann equation models with 3 density components for which analytic solutions exist.
    2. Exact Two-Density Component Solutions for the Cosmic Scale Factor From a General Approach Including a Simplified Exact Solution Formula for the Radiation-Matter Universe: David Jeffery, 2025 xx, Review/Research, in preparation, but lots of it is complete.
    3. Some Times in Standard Cosmology: Lukas Tobias Hergt, Douglas Scott, arXiv, 2024, Nov12, 11 pages: Research: On important cosmic time points in the Λ-CDM model. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    4. Gravitational Wave Cosmology: Antonella Palmese, Simone Mastrogiovanni arXiv, 2025, Feb01, 20 pages: Review: On standard sirens for determining cosmological model and cosmological model parameters . / keywords_cosmology.html.
    5. * | Changing Redshifts caused by a Changing Expansion Velocity of the Universe: Nico Roos, et al. arXiv, 2024, Oct11, 12 pages: Review: On acceleration of the expansion of the universe: i.e., redshift drift. / keywords_cosmology.html.
  7. Cosmology in General:
    1. * | Future directions in cosmology: N. Palanque-Delabrouille, arXiv, 2024, Nov06, 14 pages: Review: On cosmology. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    2. Paper-and-pencil cosmological calculator, Sergey V. Pilipenko arXiv, 2021, Mar21, 4 pages: Review: An update of cosmological lookup table (Sergey V. Pilipenko, 2013). for the observable universe based on the Λ-CDM model for Λ-CDM model parameters valid circa 2020. The reference can also be written Sergey V. Pilipenko, 2021, Paper-and-pencil cosmological calculator, arXiv:1303.5961. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    3. Forty years of the Ellis-Baldwin test: Nathan Secrest, et al. arXiv, 2025, Jan11, 5 pages: Review: On the Ellis-Baldwin test of the cosmological principle. Conclusion, the cosmological principle seems in doubt. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    4. The CosmoVerse White Paper: Addressing observational tensions in cosmology with systematics and fundamental physics: Eleonora Di Valentino, et al. arXiv, 2025, Apr02, 416 pages: Review On the future of advances in cosmology. / keywords_cosmology.html.
  8. Dark Matter:
    1. * | A Primer on Dark Matter: Csaba Balazs, et al. arXiv, 2024, Nov07, 15 pages: Review: On dark matter. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    2. Mapping luminous and dark matter in the Universe: Nora Elisa Chisari arXiv, arXiv, 2025, Feb10, 28 pages: Review: On dark matter and baryonic matter. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    3. Non-particle dark matter: Anne M. Green arXiv, 2025, Feb17, 13 pages: Review: On primordial black holes (PBHs) and dark matter. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    4. * | Universal structure of dark matter haloes over a mass range of 20 orders of magnitude: Jie Wang (NAOC), Sownak Bose (CfA), Carlos S. Frenk, et al. Nature (journal) 2020, Sep02 39 pages: Research/Review: On dark halos from pure dark matter simulations. Their universal structure does not seem to agree with Wagner 2020: Self-gravitating dark matter gets in shape which gives a analytic universal structure (i.e., the Wagner profile). It's closer to the Einasto profile than the Navarro-Frenk-White profile (NFW profile). On gravitational mechanics (GrM). / keywords_cosmology.html.
  9. Dark Energy:
    1. * | Dark Energy: Sergio Luigi Cacciatori, et al. arXiv, 2024, Oct14, 35 pages: Review: On dark energy and the cosmological constant Λ. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    2. Dark energy and cosmic acceleration: Rodrigo von Marttens, Jailson Alcaniz arXiv, 2025, Feb02, 19 pages: Review: On dark energy and the accelerating universe. / keywords_cosmology.html.
  10. Galaxies:
    1. Early-Type Galaxies: Elliptical and S0 Galaxies, or Fast and Slow Rotators: Michele Cappellari, arXiv, 2025, Mar05, 31 pages: Review: On galaxies and galaxy formation and evolution. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    2. The Chemical Evolution of Galaxies Mirko Curti, arXiv, 2025, Apr11, 27 pages: Review: On cosmichemical evolution in galaxies. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    3. Cosmic quenching: Gabriella De Lucia, et al. arXiv, 2025, Feb03, 29 pages: Review: On galaxy quenching and galaxy formation and evolution. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    4. The satellite galaxies of the Milky Way and Andromeda: Amandine Doliva-Dolinsky, et al. arXiv, 2025 Feb10, 26 pages: Review: On the Local Group and its dwarf galaxies. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    5. The Spectral Energy Distributions of Galaxies: Kartheik G. Iyer, et al. arXiv, 2025, Feb24, 45 pages: Review: On the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of galaxies / keywords_cosmology.html.
    6. The Formation of Globular Clusters: J. M. Diederik Kruijssen arXiv, 2025, Jan27, 34 pages: Review: On galaxy formation and evolution in the aspect of globular clusters formation. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    7. Semi-empirical Models of Galaxy Formation and Evolution: Andrea Lapi, et al. arXiv, 2025, Feb18, 23 pages: Review: On galaxies and galaxy formation and evolution. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    8. Gas in Galaxies Adam K. Leroy, Alberto D. Bolatto et al. arXiv, 2025, Apr10, 18 pages: Review: On interstellar medium (ISM) in late-type galaxies (LTGs, AKA star-forming galaxies (SFGs)). / keywords_cosmology.html.
    9. Morphological Classification of Galaxies: Karen Masters arXiv, 2025, Feb13, 15 pages: Review: On galaxy morphological classification, galaxies, galaxy formation and evolution. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    10. Cosmology with Galaxy Clusters: Hironao Miyatake et al. arXiv, 2025, May12, 23 pages: Review: On cosmology with galaxy clusters. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    11. Observations of the First Galaxies in the Era of JWST: Daniel P. Stark, et al. arXiv, 2025, Jan28, 49 pages: Review: On galaxy formation and evolution for early galaxies and super-early galaxies (z ≥ 10, cosmic t ⪅ 0.5 Gyr). / keywords_cosmology.html.
  11. History:
    1. Coming of Age of the Standard Model: Roger Blandford, et al., arXiv, 2020, Feb28, 12 pages: Review: On the standard model of cosmology (SMC, &Lambda-CDM model). Compare to Scott 2018. Latex formatted reference in ~jeffery/aastex/ref.html at Scott (2018). / keywords_cosmology.html.
    2. The Legacy of Henrietta Leavitt: A Re-analysis of the First Cepheid Period-Luminosity Relation: Louise Breuval, Caroline D. Huang, Adam G. Riess et al. arXiv, 2025, Feb24, 12 pages: Review: On Cepheids, the period-luminosity relation, and Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868--1921). / keywords_cosmology.html.
    3. Steven Weinberg: A Scientific Life: C.P. Burgess, F. Quevedo arXiv, 2025, Feb16, 47 pages: Review: On the Steven Weinberg (1933--2021). See also Burgess 2025, "Reminiscences about Steven Weinberg (This Time it's Personal), 4 pages / keywords_cosmology.html.
    4. The establishment of the Standard Cosmological Model through observations: Ricardo T. Génova-Santos, arXiv, 2020, Jan22, 34 pages: Review: On the the Λ-CDM model. Compare to (Scott 2018). / keywords_cosmology.html.
    5. Editorial note to "The beginning of the world from the point of view of quantum theory": Jean-Pierre Luminet 2011, May31, 16 pages: Popular: On Georges Lemaitre (1894--1966) and the Lemaitre universe and the primeval atom. For corrections, see Livio 2011 on Hubble's law omission and O'Raifeartaigh, 2019, p. 13 on dark energy and its negative pressure first use. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    6. Einstein's cosmology review of 1933: a new perspective on the Einstein-de Sitter model of the cosmos: Cormac O'Raifeartaigh, Michael O'Keeffe, Werner Nahm, Simon Mitton (O'Raifeartaigh et al. 2015), arXiv, 2015, Mar27 48 pages: Historical review: The early history of the Einstein-de Sitter universe and other early cosmological models. Latex formatted reference at O'Raifeartaigh et al. (2015) / keywords_cosmology.html
    7. A new perspective on steady-state cosmology: from Einstein to Hoyle: Cormac O'Raifeartaigh, Simon Mitton, arXiv, 2015, Jun04, 22 pages: On Albert Einstein (1879--1955), Fred Hoyle (1915--2000), and the steady state universe (presented 1948). / keywords_cosmology.html.
    8. Einstein's 1917 Static Model of the Universe: A Centennial Review: Cormac O'Raifeartaigh, Michael O'Keeffe, Werner Nahm, Simon Mitton (O'Raifeartaigh et al. 2017), arXiv, 2017, Nov18 60 pages: Historical review: The early history of the Einstein universe (presented 1917), cosmological constant. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    9. Interrogating the legend of Einstein's "Biggest Blunder": Cormac O'Raifeartaigh, Simon Mitton, arXiv, 2019, Feb27 38 pages: Historical Review: The history of the Einstein's biggest blunder. Yes, he probably said it.
      / keywords_cosmology.html.
    10. Historical and Philosophical Aspects of the Einstein World: Cormac O'Raifeartaigh (O'Raifeartaigh 2019 arXiv, 2019, Jun19, 25 pages: Research: The early history of the Einstein universe (presented 1917), cosmological constant. Seems just an update of Einstein's 1917 Static Model of the Universe: A Centennial Review: O'Raifeartaigh et al. 2017. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    11. Eddington, Lemaitre and the discovery of the expanding universe: Cormac O'Raifeartaigh, arXiv, 2019, Jul29, 8 pages: Research: On Arthur Eddington (1882--1944), Georges Lemaitre (1894--1966), and the discovery of the expansion of the universe. A topic in the history of astronomy. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    12. Carl Wirtz' article from 1924 in Astronomische Nachrichten on the radial motions of spiral nebulae: Tom Richtler, arXiv, 2024, Nov14, 9 pages: Research: On Carl Wirtz (1876--1939), another precursors Hubble's law. Also a discussion of MOND. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    13. Remembering Alexei Starobinsky -- the gentle giant of cosmology: Varun Sahni, arXiv, 2025, May12, 23 pages: Review: On Alexei Starobinsky (1948--2023), but mathematical detail. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    14. * | The Standard Model of Cosmology: A Skeptic's Guide: Douglas Scott (Scott 2018), arXiv, 2018, Apr04, 21 pages: Review: Good review on the Λ-CDM model current status---before the fall?
      --- Keywords: Big Bang, black holes, cold dark matter (CDM), cosmic distance indicators, cosmic distance ladder cosmography, cosmological constant Λ, cosmological parameters, cosmological redshift, cosmology, dark energy, dark matter, dynamical friction, event horizon, gravitational lensing gravitational waves (gwaves), gravitational-wave astronomy, gravitational wave observation, graviton, intermediate-mass black hole, IOP cosmological parameters summary: bit dated, Λ-CDM model, Λ-CDM model distance measures graph, LIGO, X-ray binaries, primordial black holes, Universe in Problems: lots of solutions, etc.
  12. Hydrogen 21-Centimeter Line:
    1. Cosmology with HI: Hamsa Padmanabhan arXiv, 2024, Nov12, 16 pages: Review: On neutral atomic hydrogen gas (H I) and the Lyman-alpha line and the hydrogen 21-centimeter line in cosmology. / keywords_cosmology.html.
  13. Inflation and Quantum Cosmology:
    1. On Legacy of Starobinsky Inflation: Sergei V. Ketov arXiv, 2025, Jan11, 20 pages: Review: On inflation, Starobinsky inflation, and Alexei Starobinsky (1948--2023). / keywords_cosmology.html.
  14. Large-Scale Structure:
    1. Cosmology with Cosmic Voids: Yan-Chuan Cai, Mark Neyrinck, arXiv, 2025, Mar28, 23 pages: Review: On the large-scale structure of the universe and a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_%28astronomy%29">cosmic voids. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    2. The Intergalactic Medium: Nicolas Tejos et al. arXiv, 2025, Apr17, 32 pages: Review: On the intergalactic medium (IGM). / keywords_cosmology.html.
    3. Large Scale Structure and the Cosmic Web: Rita Tojeiro, Katarina Kraljic et al. arXiv, 2025, Mar27, 20 pages: Review: On the large-scale structure of the universe and cosmic web. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    4. Hydrodynamic methods and sub-resolution models for cosmological simulations: Milena Valentini, Klaus Dolag et al. arXiv, 2025, Sep25, Feb10, 61 pages: Review: On large-scale structure of the universe and computer simulation thereof. / keywords_cosmology.html.
  15. Milky Way:
    1. Sagittarius A* -- The Milky Way Supermassive Black Hole: Anna Ciurlo, Mark R. Morris, arXiv, 2025, Mar25, 17 pages: Review: On the Milky Way and Sagittarius A*, its the supermassive black hole. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    2. Milky Way Disk: Daisuke Kawata, et al. arXiv, 2024, Dec16, 22 pages: Review: On the Milky Way and the Milky Way disk. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    3. Milky Way dynamics in light of Gaia: Jason A. S. Hunt, Eugene Vasiliev arXiv, 2025, Jan06, 74 pages: Review: On the Milky Way in light of Gaia spacecraft (mission 2013--2025?). / keywords_cosmology.html.
  16. MOND:
    1. Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND): Benoit Famaey, Amel Durakovic, arXiv, 2025, Jan28, 20 pages: Review: On MOND. There is NO version that accounts for all phenomena. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    2. The empirical laws of galaxy dynamics: from gas kinematics to weak lensing: Federico Lelli, et al. arXiv, 2024, Nov04, 6 pages: Research/Review: On galaxy formation and evolution and MOND (MOdified Newtonian Dynamics). / keywords_cosmology.html.
  17. Primordial Black Holes (PBHs):
    1. * | Primordial black holes, a small review: Alexandre Arbey arXiv, 2024, May14, 8 pages: Review: On primordial black holes (PBHs). / keywords_cosmology.html.
    2. Primordial Black Holes: Guillermo Ballesteros, arXiv, 2025, Feb18, 8 pages: Review: On primordial black holes (PBHs) and dark matter. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    3. Primordial Black Holes: Bernard Carr, Florian Kuhnel, arXiv, 2025, Feb21, 12 pages: Review: On primordial black holes (PBHs) and dark matter. / keywords_cosmology.html.
  18. Primordial Fluctuations, Power Spectrum, Structure Growth, Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAOs):
    1. Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from galaxy surveys: Paula S. Ferreira, Ribamar R. R. Reis, arXiv, 2024, Dec05, 20 pages: Review: On baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAOs). / keywords_cosmology.html.
    2. *| Assessing the growth of structure over cosmic time with CMB lensing: Mathew S. Madhavacheril, arXiv, 2024, Nov12, 35 pages: Review: On structure formation and CMB lensing over cosmic time. / keywords_cosmology.html.
    3. Weak Gravitational Lensing: J. Prat, D. Bacon, arXiv, 2025, Jan14, 25 pages: Review: On weak gravitational lensing in cosmology. See also primordial fluctuations (especially Wikipedia: Primordial fluctuations: Formalism) and matter power spectrum P(k). / keywords_cosmology.html.
  19. Reionization:
    1. Reionization and its sources: Anirban Chakraborty, Tirthankar Roy Choudhury, arXiv, 2025, Feb17, 21 pages: Review: On the star formation and galaxy formation and evolution in the reionization era (AKA cosmic dawn: cosmic time ∼ 0.150--1 Gyr, z∈∼[6,20]). / keywords_cosmology.html.
    2. Cosmology with HI: Hamsa Padmanabhan arXiv, 2024, Nov12, 16 pages: Review: On neutral atomic hydrogen gas (H I) and the Lyman-alpha line and the hydrogen 21-centimeter line in cosmology. / keywords_cosmology.html.