References

Support for this paper was provided by NASA grant NAG5-3505 and the Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics \&~Astronomy of the University of Oklahoma.

Note there are special book categories that I can find with searches:

1. Astro book.
2. Biography book.
3. History book.
4. Literary book.
5. Philosophy book.
6. Poetry book.
7. Science book.
8. Travel book.

A




\bibitem[Ade et al.(2015)]{Planck 2015}
         Ade, P.A.R., et al. 2015, \A&A, 594, A13,
         arXiv:1502.01589 (Planck 2015)
         % 
         % arXiv reference
         % Title:  Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters
         % 200 + coauthors
         % Wonderful data



%  \citep[][p.]{abramowitz1972}
\bibitem[Abramowitz \& Stegun(1972)]{abramowitz1972} Abramowitz, M., \&~Stegun, I. A. (editors) 1972,
         Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables 
         (Washington, D.C.:  U.S. Government Printing Office)
        % The old Bible of functions. 
        % Lobatto quadrature p. 888 and 920 for table.



\bibitem[Adler, Bazin, \& Schiffer(1975)]{adler1975}
         Adler, R., Bazin, M., \& Schiffer, M. 1975,
         Introduction to General Relativity
         (New York:  McGraw-Hill Book Company) 
         % Dated in some respects and by modern standards awfully
         % dry, but still useful.  It's the GR book I own.
         % Einstein described his discovery of the summation
         % as follows to his friend Louis Kollros (1878--1959):  
         % ``I made a great discovery in mathematics: 
         % I suppressed the summation sign every time that the
         % summation has to be done on an index which appears twice
         % in the general term.'' 
         % (Kollros 1956) 
         % as reported by Adler et al. on p. 21.
         % ABS-???



\bibitem[Albright(1963)]{albright1963}
         Albright, W. F. 1963,  The Archaeology of Palestine
        (Harmondswoth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, Ltd.) 
        % Dated as to it's subject, it's a historical artifact
        % in it's own right by a pioneer of Palestinian archaeology.
        % I suspect it is a main source for James Michener's
        % ``The Source''. 
        % It's very readable and gives a good idea of 
        % archaeology in the early 20th century:  the heroic age
        % of scientific archaeology.
        % History book.  Travel book.



\bibitem[Aldering et al.(2006)]{aldering2006}
         Aldering, G., et al. 2006, AJ, 650, 510 
         % 
         % ADS reference 
         % Title:  Nearby Supernova Factory Observations of SN 2005gj: 
         %         Another Type Ia Supernova in a Massive Circumstellar Envelope
         % 26 coauthors
         % A Ia/IIn hydrid observationallly.
         % They report photometry and spectra.
         % Estimate the explosion date. 



\bibitem[Allen(1973)]{allen1973} Allen, C. W. 1973, 
         Astrophysical Quantities, 2nd Edition (London:  Athlone) 
         % C. W. Allen great book of astrophysical quantities.
         % Astro book.
         % Allen 1973



\bibitem[Ambwani \&~Sutherland(1988)]{ambwani1988}
              Ambwani, K., \&~Sutherland, P. G. 1988, ApJ, 325, 820
              % ADS reference.
              % Title:  Gamma-ray spectra and energy deposition for type IA supernovae.
              % gamma-rays and deposition in Ia's and gamma-ray spectra.
              % Using a Monte Carlo and also testing the grey approach.
              % Kailash's M.Sc. paper.



\bibitem[Anders \&~Grevesse(1989)]{anders1989} Anders, E., \&~Grevesse, N.  1989, Geochim.~Cosmochim.~Acta, 53, 197
         % 
         % ADS reference, but not online.
         % Title:  Abundances of the elements:  Meteoritic and solar
         % solar and solar system abundances.
         % Geochima et Cosmochimica Acta,
         % Now somewhat dated, but the dust has not settled on final values yet.


\bibitem[Anderson et al.(1999)]{anderson1999} Anderson, E., et al. 1999,
        LAPACK Users' Guide, Third Edition
        (Philadelphia:  Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics),
        http://www.netlib.org/lapack/lug/index.html
        % LAPACK Users' Guide.
        % Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics = SIAM.
        % There are 11 authors.
        % This guide is the official reference for LAPACK:
        % see http://www.netlib.org/lapack/lug/node13.html where this claim is made.
        % The authors of the guide must be essentially the authors of LAPACK.


\bibitem[Anderson(1989)]{anderson1989} Anderson, L. S. 1989, \apj, 339, 558
         % The original refereed superlevels paper for NLTE radiative transfer.



\bibitem[Angier(2007)]{angier2007} Angier, N. 2007, 
         The Canon: A Whirligig Tour of the Beautiful Basics of Science
         (Boston:  Houghton Mifflin)
         % A well reviewed intro book to science high on the bellelettrist meter. 
         % Nature review.
         % Science book.



\bibitem[Anupama et al.(2005)]{anupama2005a}
         Anupama, G. C., Sahu, D. K., \& Jose, J. 2005, A\%A, 429, 667 
         %
         % ADS Reference
         % Title:  Type Ia supernova SN 2003du: Optical observations.



       \bibitem[Anupama et al.(2005)]{anupama2005}
        Anupama, G. C., et al. 2005, \apj, 631, L125
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % 8  coauthors including Paolo Mazzali.
        % The Peculiar Type Ib Supernova SN 2005bf: Explosion of a Massive He Star with a Thin Hydrogen Envelope?
        % A very long rise 2-maximum Ibc SN.
        % Just a letter.



\bibitem[Arfken(1970)]{arfken1970} Arfken, G. 1970,
        Mathematical Methods for Physicists
        (New York:  Academic Press)
        % The old, but still very good, Arfken.



\bibitem[Arfken(1985)]{arfken1985} Arfken, G. 1985,
        Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 3rd edition
        (New York:  Academic Press, Inc.)
        % The not-so-old, but still very good, Arfken.

% arnettd



\bibitem[Arnett(1969)]{arnett1969}
        Arnett, W. D. 1979, A\&SS, 5, 180 
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  A Possible Model of Supernovae: Detonation of 12C.
        % Moslty Fe-56 and Ni-56 in the core ejecta.  See p. 25. This ruled against this model.
        % Not the standard Ia model, but the degenerate CO core of an extended star.



\bibitem[Arnett(1979)]{arnett1979}
        Arnett, W. D. 1979, \apj, 230, L37 
        % Arnett's rule alpha=L/L_inst.  The precursor paper. 



\bibitem[Arnett(1982)]{arnett1982}
        Arnett, W. D. 1982, \apj, 253, 785 
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Type I supernovae. I - Analytic solutions for the early part of the light curve.
        % Arnett's rule alpha=L/L_inst.   The full story.



\bibitem[Arnett(1996)]{arnett1996} Arnett, W. D. 1996,
        Supernovae and Nucleosynthesis:  An Investigation of the History of Matter from the
        Big Bang to the Present
        (Princeton, New Jersey:  Princeton University Press)
        % Probably a pretty good book on nucleosynthesis, but already a bit dated no doubt. 
        % It is more of a review than a textbook I'd say.
        % After reviewing all of Clayton (1983), I will
        % delve into it.
        % Astro book.


\bibitem[Arnett(2008)]{arnett2008}
        Arnett, W. D. 2008,
        Observational Evidence for Black Holes in the Universe,
        AIP Conference Proceedings, 1053, 237
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  A ``Crib Sheet'' for Supernova Events




\bibitem[Asplund et al.(2005)]{asplund2005}
         Asplund, M., Grevesse, N., \& Sauval, A. J. 2005, in ASP Conf. Ser. 336, 
         Cosmic Abundances as Records of Stellar Evolution 
         and Nucleosynthesis, ed. T. G. Barnes III \& F. N. Bash (San Francisco: ASP), 25, astro-ph/0410214 
         % NOT!!!! cosmic composition, solar photosphere composition,  I read it wrong all these years!!!
         % This is the real apj form for this reference.
         % This is an update of Grevesse & Sauval which was an update of Anders & Grevesse.
         % They downward revised C,N,O a lot and Ne may need an upward revision of .5 dex in number.
         % The article is in a book, but it's online 
         % at Asplund et al.
         % Also online at Asplund et al. 



\bibitem[Axelrod(1980)]{axelrod1980}
        Axelrod, T. S. 1980, Ph.D.~thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz 
        % 
        % ADS reference, but not available online.
        % Title:   Late time optical spectra from the Ni-56 model for Type 1 supernovae.
        % This thesis really demonstrated that the Ni-56-Co-56-Fe-56 decay chain in the IPE core of Ia's
        % really gave about the right nebular spectra.
        % The [Co III] 5900 line was looked into. 


(return to top)


%
B




\bibitem[Barbon et al.(1995)]{barbon1995}
        Barbon, R., Benetti, S., Cappellaro, E., Patat, F., Turatto, M., \&~Iijima, T.
        1995, A\&AS, 110, 513 
        %ADS Reference
        % SN 1993J in M 81: One year of observations at Asiago.



\bibitem[Barbon et al.(1995)]{barbon1995}
        Barbon, R., Benetti, S., Rosino, L., Cappellaro, E., \& Turatto, M.
        1990, A\&A, 237, 79 
        %ADS Reference
        % Title:  Type IA supernova 1989B in NGC 3627.
        % Photometry and spectra. 



\bibitem[Barbon et al.(1982)]{barbon1982}
        Barbon, R., Ciatti, F., Rosino, L., Ortolani, S., \& Rafanelli, P.
        1982, A\&AS, 116, 43 
        % SN 1979C B and V light curves. Optical max at about 1979apr15.



\bibitem[Barbon et al.(1989)]{barbon1989}
        Barbon, R., Iijima, T., \& Rosino 1989, A\&A, 220, 83 
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % Title:  The supernova 1984A in NGC4419.
        % Photometry and spectra.



\bibitem[Barentine et al.(2005)]{barentine2005}
        Barentine, J., et al. 2005, CBET, 247, 1 
        %
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Supernovae 2005eh and 2005ex-2005gj.
        % More than 20 coauthors.
        % See also CBET 247.
        % Discovery of Ia/IIn SN 2005gj on 2005sep26 UT (JD 2453639.5).



\bibitem[Barger \&~Olson(1987)]{barger1987}
         Barger, V. D., \& Olson, M. G. 1987, {\it Classical Electricity and Magnetism}
         (Boston:  Allyn and Bacon, Inc.)
         % Has some good things on currents and Ohm's law 211--217



\bibitem[Barnhart(1960)]{barnhart1960} Barnhart, C. L. (editor) 1960, 
         The American College Dictionary (New York:  Random House) (Ba)
        % The most authoritative desk dictionary every published---it says so right on the cover.
        % Of course, this is my desk dictionary.
        % Ba-???



\bibitem[Bartunov \& Mozgovoi(1987)]{bartunov1987}
        Bartunov, O. S., \&~Mozgovoi, A. L. 1987, Astrophysics, 26, 136
        %
        % ADS reference.
        % But it is not available for downloading from ADS. 
        % Title:  Formation of multicomponent blends in envelopes of supernovas. I - Effects of 
        % nonlocal radiative coupling.
        % The Sobolev method for supernovae, arbitrary lines,
        % radiation pressure:  the paper David Branch should have
        % written in 1983 since he used it in the SN 1981B paper.

barone



\bibitem[Baron(2007)]{baron2007}
        Baron, E. 2007,
        in The Multicoloured Landscape of Compact Objects and their Explosive Origins,
        AIP Conf.~Pro.~924, Vol.~1
        Cefal\`u, Sicily, 2006 June 11---24, ed.~L.~A.~Antonelli et al.
        (Melville, New York:  American Institute of Physics), 350 
        %
        % ADS reference. 
        % http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0611002
        % Title:  Spectral Modeling of Type II Supernovae.



\bibitem[Baron et al.(2006)]{baron2006}
    Baron, E., Bongard, S., Branch, D., \&~Hauschildt, P. H. 2006, \apj, 645, 480
    %
   % ADS Reference
   % Spectral Modeling of SNe Ia Near Maximum Light: Probing the Characteristics of Hydrodynamical Models
   % Figure 11 shows the inverse exponential density law with velocity of good hydrodynamics explosion models.  




\bibitem[Baron \&~Cooperstein(1990)]{baron1990}
    Baron, E., \& Cooperstein, J.  1990, \apj, 353, 597 
    % Title:  The effect of iron core structure on supernovae 
    % This is SNe II, but they also cover the corrected Chandrasekhar mass including finite 
    % temperature effects.



\bibitem[Baron et al.(1995)]{baron1995} 
    Baron, E., Hauschildt, P. H., Branch, D., Austin, S., Garnavich, P., Ann, H. B., Wagner, R. M., Filippenko, A. V., Matheson, T.,
    \& Liebert, J. 1995, \apj, 441, 170
    %
   %ADS Reference
   % Non-LTE spectral analysis and model constraints on SN 1993J.



\bibitem[Baron et al.(1996)]{baron1996} Baron, E., Hauschildt, P. H., Nugent, P.,
         \&~Branch, D. 1996, MNRAS, 283, 297  %, astro-ph/9605088
         % NLTE Effects in Modeling of Supernovae near Maximum Light
         % See p. 2 for there conclusion the Sobolev approximation is
         % is totally inadequate which is not convincing because it is
         % not a head to head comparison between NLTE with and without Sobolev.
         % See p. 3 where the good epsilon (thermalization parameter)
         % is .05 to .1 this is for there LTE
         % calculations as well as the LTE lines of their NLTE calculations 
         % one supposes.
         % Dan Kasen finds .3 as his good value.   Why the difference?
         % Probably, the different treatment of opacity.
         % If Dan's expansion opacity is somehow an underestimate or
         % too CRD-like (but the non-overlapping opacities approximation
         % if effective in his approach would tend to make 
         % his good epsilon smaller I'd think).
         % Employs 617 Fe II energy levels (see p. 299).



\bibitem[Baron et al.(2008)]{baron2008}
         Baron, E., Jeffery, D. J., Branch, D., Bravo, E., Garc\'\i a-Senz, D.,
         \&~Hauschildt, P. A. 2008, ApJ, 672, 1038
         % arXiv:0709.4177v1
         % 
\bibitem[Baron et al.(2004)]{baron2004} Baron, E., Nugent, P. E., Branch, D., \&~Hauschildt, P. H. 2004, 
         \apj, 616, L91
         % Type IIP Supernovae as Cosmological Probes: A Spectral-fitting Expanding Atmosphere 
         % Model Distance to SN 1999em
         % SEAM with reddening constrained.



\bibitem[Baron et al.(2005)]{baron2005} Baron, E., Nugent, P. E., Branch, D., \&~Hauschildt, P. H. 2005, 
         in 1604-2004: Supernovae as Cosmological Lighthouses, ASP Conference Series, Vol.~342, 
         Proceedings of the conference held 15--19 June, 2004 in Padua, Italy, ed.~ M. Turatto, S. Benetti, 
         L. Zampieri, \&~W. Shea (San Francisco:  Astronomical Society of the Pacific), 351, astro-ph/0409659
         % Title:  Early Spectra of Supernovae.
         % Current PHOENIX and SEAM with reddening constrained.



\bibitem[Baron et al.(2003)]{baron2003} Baron, E., Nugent, P. E., Branch, D., Hauschildt, P. H., Turatto, M.,
         \&~Cappellaro, E. 2003, \apj, 586, 1199
         % Title:  Determination of Primordial Metallicity and Mixing in the Type II-P Supernova 1993W. 
         % Show how reddening can be constrained and lots of other good things too. 



\bibitem[Baron et al.(2007)]{baron2007b} Baron, E., et al. 2007, in preparation
         % Paper on the spectra generated from model PRD5.5 of
         % Bravo & Garcia-Senz (2007b).



\bibitem[Baym(1978)]{baym1978}
         Baym, G. 1978, {\it Lectures On Quantum Mechanics}
         (Reading Massachusetts:  The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.), (Ba)
         % Seems an excellent undergraduate quantum mechanics textbook.




\bibitem[Beals(1931)]{beals1931} Beals, C. S. 1931, MNRAS, 91, 966 
         %  The contours of emission bands in novæ and Wolf-Rayet stars.
         % The theory of flat-top emission from expanding optically thin shells. 
         % He worked at the Dominion Observatory in British Columbia it seems or at least
         % was a Canadian.  There is a Carlyle S. Beals Award given by CASCA.



\bibitem[Benetti et al.(2004)]{benetti2004}
         Benetti, S., et al. 2004, MNRAS, 348, 261 
         % 
         % ADS Reference.
         % Title:  Supernova 2002bo: inadequacy of the single parameter description.
         % 18 coauthors.


\bibitem[Benetti et al.(2005)]{benetti2005} 
         Benetti, S., et al. 2005, \apj, 623, 1011 
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % The 26 well studied close SNe Ia that howell2006 use.
         % There are 11 coauthors.
         % They give B max and Si II velocity at 10 days past B maximum.
         % howell2006 turn the B max into Ni-56 mass.



\bibitem[Freedman, Donahue, Schneider, \& Voit(2008)]{bennett(2008}
     Bennett, J., Donahue, M., Schneider, N., \& Voit, M. 2008,
     The Cosmic Perspective, 5th edition
     (San Francisco:  Pearson Addison-Wesley)
     % Seems a good book for its time. 




\bibitem[Benvenuti et al.(1982)]{benvenuti1982}
         Benvenuti, P., Sanz Fernandez de Cordoba, L., Wamsteker, W.,
         Macchetto, F., Palumbo, G. C., \&~Panagia, N. 1982,
         An Atlas of UV Spectra of Supernovae (Noordwijk:  European Space Agency
         Scientific and Technical Branch)
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % See also 
         % 
         % ADS reference which is probably almost the same work, but with an abstract.
         % It's a book, and so not available online.
         % But the spectra are at 
         % The INES Archive Data Server, Version 3.0:  {\it IUE} Final Archive.



\bibitem[Bernstein(1973)]{bernstein1973}
         Bernstein, J. 1973,
         Einstein (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England:  Penguin Books), (Be)
         % Science book. History book.
         % A good short account by an expert physicist.
         % Of course, lots more detail has been rehashed in recent years
         % and Einstein's personal life is now much better known and
         % disected.



\bibitem[Bernstein(2007)]{bernstein2007} Bernstein, J. 2007, 
         Plutonium: A History of the World's Most Dangerous Element
         (Washington, D.C.:  Joseph Henry Press)
         % A well reviewed intro book on plutonian and its history.
         % Nature review.
         % Science book.\



\bibitem[Bernstein et al.(2000)]{bernstein2000}
         Bernstein, J., Fishbane, P. M., \&~Gasiorowicz, S. 2000,
         {Modern Physics} (Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
         Prentice Hall) (BFG)
         % A decent modern physics book.  Sort conventional.



\bibitem[Bessell(1990)]{bessell1990}
         Bessell, M. S. 1990, PASP, 102, 1181
         % 
         % ADS reference. 
         % Title:  UBVRI passbands.
         % Standard UBVRI passbands.  Still standard as of 2007. 
         % I've a few notes on this paper in the reference folder.



\bibitem[Bevington(1969)]{bevington1969} Bevington, P. R. 1969,
        Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences
        (New York:  McGraw-Hill Book Company)
        % The old, but still very good Bevington



\bibitem[Bhat(1992)]{bhat1992}
         Bhat, M. R. 1992, Nuclear Data Sheets, 67, 195
         % all about isobars of atomic mass 57,
         % especially Ni57 and Co57.



\bibitem[Bionta et al.(1987)]{bionta1987}
        Bionta, R. M., et al. 1987, Phys. Rev. Letters, 58, 1494
        % The other neutrino burst discovery paper.



\bibitem[Blaylock et al.(2000)]{blaylock2000}
        Blaylock, M., Branch, D., Casebeer, D., Milliard, J., Baron, E., Richardson, D., \&~ Acheta, C. 
        2000, PASP, 112, 1439
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % Mount Wilson and Palomar Photographic Supernova Spectra 
        % This includes SN 1954A Ib.



\bibitem[Blinnikov et al.(2006)]{blinnikov2006}
        Blinnikov, S. I., R\"opke, F. K., Sorokina, E. I., Gieseler, M., Reinecke, M., Travaglio, C., 
        Hillebrandt, W., \& Stritzinger, M.
        2006, A\&A, 453, 229 
        %
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Theoretical light curves for deflagration models of type Ia supernova.
        % Among other things a recent reference for Blinnikov's stella code.



\bibitem[Blondin(2007)]{blondin2007}
        Blondin, S. 2007, private communication
        % St\'ephane tells me that the 1993sep14 SN 1993J spectrum was taken the MMT Observatory
        % by Challis & Pun and that it was never published before the local normalization paper
        % of Jeffery et al. (2007).  He says it's been flux calibrated and a version from the
        % CfA website is the same as the old one Pete sent us.   I guess it's calibrated as
        % far as anyone knows. 



\bibitem[Blondin et al.(2006)]{blondin2006}
        Blondin, S., et al. 2006, AJ, 131, 1648
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Using Line Profiles to Test the Fraternity of Type Ia Supernovae 
        % at High and Low Redshifts.
        % 37 coauthors:  all the usual suspects. 
        % SN Ia calcium line velocities studied among other line velocities.


\bibitem[Blondin et al.(2022)]{blondin2022} % \citep[e.g.,][]{blondin2022}
        Blondin, S., et al. 2022, arXiv:2209.11671
        % Blondin, S, Blinnikov, S., et al. 2002,
        % arXiv:2209.11671.
        % Title:  StaNdaRT: A repository of standardized test models and outputs 
        % for supernova radiative transfer
        % Good paper for SNe Ia.  I get a reference even.



\bibitem[Blondin \&~Tonry(2007)]{blondin2007b}
        Blondin, S., \&~Tonry, J. L. 2007,
        in The Multicoloured Landscape of Compact Objects and their Explosive Origins,
        AIP Conf.~Pro.~924, Vol.~1
        Cefal\`u, Sicily, 2006 June 11---24, ed.~L.~A.~Antonelli et al.
        (Melville, New York:  American Institute of Physics), 312, arXiv:astro-ph/0612512v1
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0612512
        % Title:  Determining the Type, Redshift, and Phase of a Supernova Spectrum.
        % 



\bibitem[Bloomfield(2006)]{bloomfield2006}
         Bloomfield, L. 2006, How Things Work:
         The Physics of Everyday Life 
         (Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.)
         % Pretty good physics-for-poets textbook.



\bibitem[Bode et al.(2004)]{bode2004}
        Bode, M. F., O'Brien, T. J., \& Simpson, M. 2004, \apj, 600, L63
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Echoes of an Explosive Past: Solving the Mystery of the First Superluminal Source.
        % Classical Nova GK Persei.  Hourglass outer PN and inner nebula from the 1901 outburst.
        % This may be a failed Ia since the secondary hasn't enough mass to bring the primary now
        % a WD up the Chandrasekhar limit.  
        % Hachisu et al. (2007, in submission) think so. 



\bibitem[Bondi(1961)]{bondi1961} Bondi, H. 1961, Cosmology
         (Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press) (Bo)
         % Badly dated, but still an interesting account of the
         % state of cosmology at the beginning of the 1960's.
         % A classic of its kind.
         % I do think Bondi is sometimes too elaborate in arguing his philosophical points.
         % Science book.  History book.
         % 
\bibitem[Branch(1972)]{branch1972} Branch, D.  1972, A\&A, 16, 247 
        %
        % ADS reference
        %  The spectrum of the type I supernova of 1954 in NGC 4214. 
        % David confirms He I lines in SN 1954A Ib.  
        % McLaughlin identified them in 1963.



\bibitem[Branch(1980)]{branch1980} Branch, D. 1980, 
        in Proc. Workshop on Atomic Phys. and Spectroscopy:  Supernova Spectra
        ed.~R. Meyerott \&~H.~G.~Gillespie
        (New York:  American Institute of Physics), 39 
        %
        % ADS reference.
        % But the article is not currently available online anywhere.
        % Title:  Synthetic Spectra of Supernovae.
        % This seems to be the Ur-SYNOW paper.



\bibitem[Branch(1985)]{branch1985a} Branch, D. 1985,
        in Nucleosynthesis : Challenges and New Developments,
        ed.~W.~David Arnett \& J.~W.~Truran
        (Chicago:  University of Chicago Press), 261 
        %
        % ADS reference.
        % But neither the article nor abstract is currently available online anywhere.
        % Title:  The Optical Spectrum of a Carbon-Deflagration Supernova .
        % This is the 1st paper where Co II was suggested for forming the 3250 A UV minimum in SN Ia spectra. 
        % The follow up with SYNOW synthetic spectra 
        % is Branch & Venkatakrishna (1986).



\bibitem[Branch(1987)]{branch1987} Branch, D.  1987, \apj, 316, L81 
        %
        % ADS reference
        % Title:  High-velocity matter in a classical Type I supernova - The demise of Type IA homogeneity.
        % A SYNOW analysis of the Wegner & McMahan -7 premax spectrum of 1984A.



\bibitem[Branch(1992)]{branch1992} Branch, D. 1992, \apj, 392, 35 
        % Ni-56 in SN Ia.
        % The alpha factor for the Arnett law. 
        % CO to Ni-56 yields $1.55\,{\rm foe/M_{\odots}}$ (p. 37).
        % CO to Si-28 yields 76 % as much (p. 37).




\bibitem[Branch et al.(2005)]{branch2005} Branch, D., Baron, E., Hall, N.,
         Melakayil, M., \&~Parrent, J. 2005, PASP, 117, 545 
         % ADS reference.
         % ApJ full text.
         % Title:  Comparative Direct Analysis of Type Ia Supernova Spectra. I. SN 1994D.
         % The first in a series of papers on analyzing SNe Ia.  (Paper I) 
         % It's a brief SYNOW reference among other things.
         % Other than Fisher (2000) there only seem to be brief references.
         % It covers the photospheric phase of 94D in detail.
         % There seems to be an identifiable silicon glitch at about 6172 A in the 
         % day 28 (apr18) spectrum.  v=8600 pm 1000 km/s 
         % The Asiago apr16 spectrum as the glitch more centered at 6165 A. 
         % This would be more like 8300 km/s, but within error the same.



\bibitem[Branch et al.(2003)]{branch2003}
        Branch, D., Baron, E., \&~Jeffery, D.J. 2003, in Supernovae
        and Gamma-Ray Bursters, ed.~K.~W.~Weiler (Berlin:  Springer-Verlag),
        47, astro-ph/0111573
        % A review paper.  I did the polarization part and was a bit out of date.



\bibitem[Branch et al.(1982)]{branch1982}
         Branch, D., Buta, R., Falk, S. W., McCall, M., Sutherland, P. G., Uomoto, A., Wheeler, J. C.,
        \&~Wills, B. J. 1982, ApJ, 252, L61
        % ADS Reference.
        % Title:  Interpretation of the maximum light spectrum of a Type I supernova.
        % The letter on SN 1981B that preceded the full paper.



\bibitem[Branch et al.(1988)]{branch1988}
         Branch, D., Drucker, W., \&~Jeffery, D. J. 1988, ApJ, 330, L117
         % Varying Si II line velocities in Ia.  An early evidence of inhomogeneity.
         % I just plotted the figure.



\bibitem[Branch et al.(1981)]{branch1981}
         Branch, D., Falk, S. W., Uomoto, A. K., Wills, B. J., McCall, M. L., \& Rybski, P.
         1981, ApJ, 240, 780 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  The type II supernova 1979c in M100 and the distance to the Virgo cluster.
         % This seems to be the second paper using the original SYNOW and the first one
         % available online.  This is said on p. 790.
         % The first SYNOW paper appears to be
         % Branch (1980), but that is currently not online.
         % It has a longer SYNOW description.



\bibitem[Branch et al.(2000)]{branch2000}
         Branch, D., Jeffery, D. J., Blaylock, M., \&~Hatano, K. 2000,
         PASP, 112, 217    % , astro-ph/9911099
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Supernova Resonance-scattering Profiles in the Presence of External Illumination.
         % the circumstellar interaction toplighting paper
         % with radiative transfer in the Sobolev mode.



\bibitem[Branch et al.(1983)]{branch1983}
         Branch, D., Lacy, C. H., McCall, M. L., Sutherland, P. G.,
         Uomoto, A., Wheeler, J. C., \&~Wills, B. J. 1983, ApJ, 270, 123
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  The Type I supernova 1981b in NGC 4536 - The first 100 days.
         % the second 1981B paper.
         % As far as I know, and Bartunov & Mozgovoi (1987) agree,
         % this is the paper in which David generalized the doublet
         % scheme of Olson (1982) for
         % Sobolev line blending and applied it to supernovae:
         % of course Olson's scheme followed pretty straightforwardly
         % from Rybicki \&~Hummer (1978).
         % There is a transient Halpha emission seen in the 1981mar13 spectrum
         % and this is discussed on p. 130.




\bibitem[Branch et al.(1985)]{branch1985} Branch, D., Doggett, J.B.,
         Nomoto, K., \&~Thielemann, F.-K. \apj, 294, 619
%        The first spectrum paper with W7 and mixed W7.



\bibitem[Branch et al.(2008)]{branch2008}
         Branch, D., Jeffery, D. J., Parrent, J., Baron, E., Troxel, M. A., Stanishev, V.
         Keithley, M., \& Bruner, C. 2008, PASP, in press, arXiv:0712.2436v1
         % Paper IV in the series:
         % ``Comparative Direct Analysis of Type~Ia Supernova Spectra.~IV.~Postmaximum,''



\bibitem[Branch et al.(2007)]{branch2007}
        Branch, D., Parrent, J., Troxel, M. A., Casebeer, D., Jeffery, D. J., Baron, E.,
        Ketchum, W., \&~Hall, N. 2007,
        in The Multicoloured Landscape of Compact Objects and their Explosive Origins,
        AIP Conf.~Pro.~924, Vol.~1
        Cefal\`u, Sicily, 2006 June 11---24, ed.~L.~A.~Antonelli et al.
        (Melville, New York:  American Institute of Physics), 342
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Not at astro-ph yet since I think SYNOW 2.0 isn't quite ready yet.
        % Title:  Probing the Nature of Type I Supernovae with SYNOW. 
        % Introduces SYNOW 2.0.  A SYNOW reference.



\bibitem[Branch et al.(1991)]{branch1991}
            Branch, D., Pauldrach, A. W. A., Puls, J., Jeffery, D. J.,
           \&~Kudritzki, R. P. 1991, in {ESO/EIPC Workshop:  SN~1987A
           and other Supernovae,} ed.~I.~J.~Danziger \&~K.~Kj\"ar (Garching:
           ESO), 437
           % the first Munich NLTE paper.  And the last with us on it.




\bibitem[Branch \&~Venkatakrishna(1986)]{branch1986}
         Branch, D., \&~Venkatakrishna, K. L. 1986, ApJ, 306, L21
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  On the ultraviolet spectra of Type I supernovae. 
         % Newly-synthesized Ni-56/Co-56 in the outer ejecta of Type~Ia SN~1981B
         % based on comparing synthetic spectra and UV Ia spectra.
         % Probably the first paper to argue for this.  It is still on the 
         % table as a possibility.  But circa 2007, we are thinking of Ni-56/Co-56
         % in clumps. 



\bibitem[Branch et al.(2002)]{branch2002} Branch, D.,~et~al. 2002, \apj, 566, 1005   %, astro-ph/0106367 
        % 17 authors running Branch, Benetti, Kasen, Baron, Jeffery, D. J.,
        % etc.  ApJ counts et al. as being zzzzzzzzzz.
        % David' comparative analysis of Ib's.
        % Hydrogen lines may be in all Ib's or most though hard to identify after maximum light.
        % He finds lots of evidence for detached hydrogen lines and helium
        % lines.  He finds that out of 6, 5 Ib's have a fairly unique
        % v_ph(t) curve suggesting that they are very much alike and
        % spherically symmetric.




\bibitem[Branch et al.(2003b)]{branch2003b} Branch, D., et al. 2003, AJ, 126, 1489
         %
         % ADS Reference.
         % A SYNOW reference among other things. 
         % Carbon in Ia SN 1998aq with a very tentative identification of the C II 4267.
         % 9 coauthors running Branch, Garnavich, Matheson, ...



\bibitem[Branch et al.(2006a)]{branch2006a} Branch, D., Jeffery, D. J., Young, T. R., \&~Baron, E. 2006, PASP,
         118, 791
         % astro-ph/0604047
         % Hydrogen in Type Ic Supernovae?
         % This is where I got the DIFF2 idea from.
         % The author list is just to show that the Over-the-Hill Gang rides again.



\bibitem[Branch et al.(2006)]{branch2006b} Branch, D.,
         et al. 2006, PASP, 118, 560, arXiv:astro-ph/0601048v1
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Comparative Direct Analysis of Type Ia 
         % Supernova Spectra. II. Maximum Light.
         % 10 coauthors:
         % Dang, L. C., Hall, N., Ketchum, W., Melakayil, M., Parrent, J.,
         % Troxel, M. A., Casebeer, D., Jeffery, D. J., \&~Baron, E.
         % The 2nd in a series of papers on analyzing SNe Ia.  (Paper II)
         % This is the 24 Ia's at maximum light.
         % This is where we define the 4 subtypes: 
         % core-normal, broad-line, cool, shallow-silicon
         % with the understanding that the broad-line, cool, 
         % shallow-silicon are spurs "radiating"
         % outward for the core-normals.
         % The original DIFF test, although not so called, 
         % and tilting are presented there.
         % The Ketchum-Jeffery DIFF formulation is presented in an appendix. 



\bibitem[Branch et al.(2007b)]{branch2007b}
         Branch, D., et al. 
         2007, PASP, 119, 857, arXiv:0706.0081v1 
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % astro-ph/0706.0081.
         % Title:  Comparative Direct Analysis of Type Ia Supernova Spectra III. Premaximum
         % (Paper III)
         % This is Paper III of the series of homogeneous analysis of Ia spectra. 
         % Paper I is Branch et al (2005).
         % Paper II is Branch et al (2006b).
         % 11 coauthors:
         % Branch, D. Troxel, M. A., Jeffery, D. J., 
         % Hatano, K., Musco, M., Parrent, J., Baron, E., Dang, L. C.,
         % Casebeer, D., Hall, N. \& Ketchum, W.
         % Sporadic CO because of clumps is discussed on p. 11 of the paper in preparation. 




\bibitem[Bravo \& Garc\'\i a-Senz(2006)]{bravo2006} 
         Bravo, E., \& Garc\'\i a-Senz 2006, \apj, 642, L157 
         %
         % ADS Reference
         % Title:  Beyond the Bubble Catastrophe of Type Ia Supernovae: Pulsating Reverse Detonation Models. 
         % Their first PRD model.



\bibitem[Bravo \& Garc\'\i a-Senz(2007)]{bravo2007}
         Bravo, E., \& Garc\'\i a-Senz 2007, private communication
         % Eduardo sent me the PRD5.5 model with figures.



\bibitem[Bravo \& Garc\'\i a-Senz(2007)]{bravo2007b}
         Bravo, E., \& Garc\'\i a-Senz 2007, in preparation
         % The PRD5.5 model paper that Eduardo and Domingo are working on.
         % Baron et al. (2007b) computer model spectra for it.



\bibitem[Brooks et al.(2005)]{brooks2005}
         Brook, E. D. III, McKinley, M. S., Daffin, F., \& Sz\"oke, A. 2005, J. of Comp. Phys., 205, 737 
         % 
         % Science Direct if you are permitted.  There is a downloadable pdf file.
         % Title:  Symbolic implicit Monte Carlo radiation transport in the difference 
         % formulation: a piecewise constant discretization.
         % They use the difference of I-B rather than I in solving the radiative transfer equation
         % by Monte Carlo.  This is a much different Monte Carlo approach than that of 
         % Lucy (1999a) with his indivisible photon packets.
         % They discuss and give references for the teleportation error in of Section 4.1 



\bibitem[Browne \& Firestone(1986)]{browne1986} 
         Browne, E., \& Firestone, R. B. 1986,
         Table of Radioactive Isotopes (New York:  
         John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.)
         % Radioacitve isotopes and decay chains and 
         % radiations including all the complex stuff like 
         % X-ray, atomic electron, internal bremstrahlung X-ray. 




\bibitem[Bruen(2007)]{bruen2007}
         Bruen, K. 2007,
         Priest (Galway, Eire:  St.~Martin's Minotaur)
         % Cutesy Irish mystery story full of blarney and charm by Ken Bruen.
         % Did I mention, the wee folk appear.
         % well reviewed in the Washington Post.
         % Mystery book.



\bibitem[Buchler \& Mazurek(1974)]{buchler1974}
         Buchler, J. P., \& Mazurek, T. J. 1974, BAAS, 6, 470
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Carbon Detonation Manque and Distended Nebulae Formation.
         % An ealier paper on the failure of carbon detonation in carbon-oxygen cores
         % and thus deflagration, but this is not WD but an extended star with a CO core.



\bibitem[Buta(1982)]{buta1982} Buta, R. J. 1982, PASP, 94, 578 
         % B and V light curves of radio SN 1980K II with optical max at about 1980nov04.



\bibitem[Buta \& Turner(1983)]{buta1983} Buta, R. J., \& Turner, A. 1983, PASP, 95, 72 
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  The photometric properties of the bright Type I supernova 1981B in NGC 4536.
        % Early light curve data for SN 1981B.
        % They give B maximum as JD 2444672 or 1981mar08.5.


(return to top)



C



\bibitem[Cahill(2016)]{cahill2016}
    Cahill, K., 2016, arXiv:1606.08865 
    % arXiv reference.
    % Title:  The eras of radiation, matter, and dark energy: new information from the Planck Collaboration


Calder & Lahav 2008. 
    % Title:  Dark energy: back to Newton?"
    % An interesting paper on the Newton's connection to dark energy.




\bibitem[Cappellaro \&~Turatto(2000)]{cappellaro2000}
    Cappellaro, E., \&~Turatto, M. 2000, in
    The Influence of Binaries on Stellar
    Population Studies, ed. D. Vanbeveren, in press, astro-ph/0012455
    % A nice little review of supernova classification with rates.



\bibitem[Cappellaro et al.(1997)]{cappellaro1997}
    Cappellaro, E., Mazzali, P. A., Benetti, S., Danziger, I. J., Turatto, M., della Valle, M., \& Patat, F.
    1997, A\&A, 328, 203
    % 
    % ADS reference.
    % Title:  SN Ia light curves and radioactive decay.
    % They have 92a light curve data out to about 945 days past explosion.
    % This still maybe the longest SN Ia light curves.



\bibitem[Cappellaro et al.(2001)]{cappellaro2001}
         Cappellaro, E., et al. 2001, ApJ, 549, L215 
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Detection of a Light Echo from SN 1998bu.
         % Mostly about nebular emission 500 days past explosion, but I guess earlier
         % spectra are discussed too.
         % 9 coauthors




\bibitem[Cardelli et al.(1989)]{cardelli1989} Cardelli, J. A.,
        Clayton, G. C., \&~Mathis, J. S. 1989, ApJ, 345, 245
        % reddening law.



\bibitem[Cardwell(1994)]{cardwell1994} Cardwell, D. 1994,
        The Norton History of Technology (New York:  W.W. Norton \& Company),
        (Ca)
        % Pretty fair, but it really covers only the
        % epoch since 1500 or or in detail.



\bibitem[Carroll(2004)]{carroll2004}  Carroll, S. M. 2004,
         Spacetime and Geometry:  An Introduction to General Relativity
         (San Franciso:  Addison-Wesley) (Car)
         % (Car-???)
         % (Carroll, 2004, p. ???)



\bibitem[Carslaw \& Jaeger(1959)]{carslaw1959} Carslaw, H. S., \& Jaeger, J. C. 1959,
        Conduction of Heat in Solids (Oxford, UK:  Oxford University Press).
        % The 2nd edition of a diffusion heat classic.  
        % 536.2 C23c2 in Englib.
        % QC 321 .C28 1959 in Physics/Astronomy library.



\bibitem[Casebeer et al.(2000)]{casebeer2000}
        Casebeer, D., Branch, D., Blaylock, M., Milliard, J., Baron, E., Richardson, D., \&~ Acheta, C. 
        2000, PASP, 112, 1433 
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % Lick Observatory Photographic Supernova Spectra
        % This includes SN 1954A Ib with pg maximum estimated as 1954_04_19.



\bibitem[Caspar(1993)]{caspar1993}
         Caspar, M. 1993 (1948), Kepler, (German First Edition 1948)
         Translator: C. D. Hellman,
         Introduction: O. Gingerich, Bibliography: O. Gingerich, & A. Segonds
         (New York:  Dover Publications, Inc.) (Ca) 
         % Max Caspar probably gave the definitive Kepler biography.  One can't imagine
         % anyone doing any better:  more details, minor corrections, different
         % perspectives, but any new biography would have to be mainly rehash---of
         % course, we live in the great age of rehashed biographies.
         % But Koestler (1977) offers an 
         % interesting and often derivative companion piece.
         % There's an amusing bit where Caspar parenthetically comments
         % on how light-hearted bombardments were in the 17th century (Ca-319).
         % History book.  Biography book. 
     % Ca-???



\bibitem[Cassinelli \&~Hummer(1971)]{cassinelli1971}
        Cassinelli, J. P., \&~Hummer, D. G. 1971, MNRAS, 154, 9
        % Their paper on extended spherically-symmetric electron-scattering atmospheres.
        % They show that at the limb 100 % polarization is achieved, but for very little
        % flux.   It's still hard to get a high polarization from an asymmetric extended
        % atmosphere, but not as hard as with Chandrasekhar's plane-parallel result.



\bibitem[Castelli \& Kurucz(2010)]{castelli2010}
         Castelli, F. \& Kurucz, R. L.  2010, A\&A, in press
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  New Fe II energy levels from stellar spectra.
         % Golly, there are still new Fe II levels and lines to find---important ones. 



\bibitem[Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams(2006)]{cbat2006}
         Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams 2006, (Cambridge, Massachusetts:  Center for Astrophysics),
         http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/cbat.html
         %Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
         % I mostly use it for the various list particularly for minor planets (for teaching) and supernovae
         % (for research).



\bibitem[Cimatti et al.(2020)][cimatti2020}
         Cimatti, A., Fraternali, F., \&~Nipoti, C. 2020,
        {Introduction to Galaxy Formation and Evolution:
         From Primordial Gas to Present-Day Galaxies}
         (Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press) (Ci)
         % Ci-???
        % Cimatti
%      et al.:
%     Introduction to Galaxy Formation and Evolution: From Primordial Gas to Present-Day Galaxies (2020)
% Cimatti et al. 2019:  ArXiv posted intro chapter



\bibitem[Challis(1994)]{challis1994} Challis, P. 1994, private communication 
         % Pete Challis saying that the 1993sep17 and 1993nov14 HST spectra of SN 1993J Ib have
         % not been given final flux calibration and may be off in scale by a factor of 5--6.
         % He promised/hoped to send the factor along, but I don't that he ever did.
         % He doesn't say anything about the calibration of the complementary 1993sep14 MMT spectrum.



\bibitem[Challis(2006)]{challis2006} Challis, P. 2006, private communication
         % Pete tells me the 1993sep17 and 1993nov14 HST spectra of SN 1993J Ib have not
         % been published before the local normalization paper of Jeffery et al. (2007).



\bibitem[Chalmers(1999)]{chalmers1999}  Chalmers, A. F. 1999,
        What is this Thing Called Science?
        (Indianapolis, Indiana:  Hackett Publishing Company, Inc) (Ch)
        % An introduction to philosophy of science.  Its seems good to me.
        % An easier start than 
        % Klee (1997). 
        % Science book.

chandrasekhars



\bibitem[Chandrasekhar(1935)]{chandrasekhar1935} Chandrasekhar, S. 1935, MNRAS, 95, 207 
      % The zero-temperature perfect Fermi gas EOS (i.e., the Chandrasekhar EOS) derived
      % for the first time according to ostriker1968.



\bibitem[Chandrasekhar(1944)]{chandrasekhar1944} Chandrasekhar, S. 1944, ApJ, 99, 180
        % Gives a table of the exact grey atmosphere limb-darkening law.
        % Two of the values are inaccurate in the last decimal place.



\bibitem[Chandrasekhar(1957)]{chandrasekhar1957} Chandrasekhar, S. 1957,
        An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure (New York: Dover Publications, Inc.)
        % An old classic of stellar structure. 
        % It probably gives Chan's last and perhaps 1930s vintage take on the Chan mass
        % on p. 421ff.



\bibitem[Chandrasekhar(1960)]{chandrasekhar1960} Chandrasekhar, S. 1960,
        Radiative Transfer (New York: Dover Publications, Inc.)
        % The classic old Bible of radiative transfer.
        % For me the early section on polarization is of greatest interest.
        % p. 248 gives the polarization from a plane-parallel electron-scattering atmosphere as
        % a function of angle from the normal.  Only at 90 degrees is 11.7 % reached.
        % Chandrasekhar, S. 1960, p. 247--248.
        %    for plane-parallel atmosphere polarization.
        % https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar 1910--1995
        % https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar#Books
        % https://archive.org/details/radiativetransfe0000chan/page/n419/mode/2up borrow online
        % Chandrasekhar (1960, p. 43).



\bibitem[Chaisson et al.(1960)]{chaisson2004}
     Chaisson, E., & McMillan, S. 2004, Astronomy:  A Beginner's Guide
     to the Universe 
     (Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.) (CM)
      % (CM-???)
     




\bibitem[Chappell \& Pereira(2021)]{chappell2021}
         Chappell, B.A. \& Pereira, T.M.D.  2021, A\&A, in press, 
           arXiv:2112.13852
         % arXiv:2112.13852
         % Title:  SunnyNet: A neural network approach to 3D non-LTE radiative transfer
         %  convolutional neural network  but all the same to me


% \citet[e.g.,][]{charles2024} % \citep[e.g.,][]{charles2024}
\bibitem[Charles \& Chen(2024)]{charles2024}
    Charles, W., \& Chen, A.Y. 2024, arXiv:2406.19385
    % Charles & Chen (2024).
    % Title:  A Machine Learning Method for Monte Carlo Calculations of Radiative Processes




\bibitem[Chornock \& Filippenko(2007)]{chornock2007}
         Chornock, R., \& Filippenko, A. V.  2007, AJ, submitted, astro-ph/0609405 
         % 
         % ADS Reference
         % Title:  Deviations From Axisymmetry Revealed by Line Polarization in the Normal Type Ia SN 2004S. 
         % A single epoch of high S/N spectropolarimetry. 



\bibitem[Chornock et al.(2006)]{chornock2006} 
        Chornock, R., Filippenko, A. V., Branch, D., Foley, R. J., Jha, S., \& Li, W.
        2006, PASP, 118, 722
    % 
        % ADS Reference
        % Title:  Spectropolarimetry of the Peculiar Type Ia Supernova 2005hk
        % Not much polarization. 
        % A SN 2002cx-like Ia.  The super-peculiar kind.



\bibitem[Christensen et al.(2003)]{christensen2003}
         Christensen, L., Becker, T., Jahnke, K., Kelz, A., Roth, M. M., S\'anchez, S. F., \& Wisotzki, L.
         2003, A\&A, 401, 479 
         % 
         % ADS Reference
         % Title:  Integral field spectroscopy of SN 2002er with PMAS. 
         % A five SN 2002er Ia spectra.  They are all redundant with and with poorer coverage
         % than the Kotak et al. (2005) spectra except for
         % the almost maximum light 2002sep07 spectrum.
         % Eddie Baron has the the Christensen et al. in files.
         % A SN 2002cx-like Ia.  The super-peculiar kind.



\bibitem[Chugai(1988)]{chugai1988} Chugai, N. N. 1988, Sov. Astron. Lett., 14(5), 334 
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Supernova 1987A - the Origin of the Halpha Emission Blueshift.
         % Chugai's explanation of P-Cygni line emission peak blueshifts as an
         % effect of diffuse reflection off the core of line-scattered emission.



\bibitem[Chugai(1992)]{chugai1992} Chugai, N. N. 1992, Sov. Astron. Lett., 18(3), 168
         % Nick's two clump model for 87A polarization.  The
         % detail is more than I care to follow, but basically two
         % non-axisymmetric clumps are ionized by ni-56 and then
         % they scatter polarized light that breaks spherical symmetry
         % and axisymmetry.  With all the parameters fit, it does
         % a good job of reproducing the line polarization and position
         % angle of H\alpha for day 71 and 100.



\bibitem[Clark et al.(1957)]{clark197}
         Clark, J. B., Aitken, A. C., \& Connor, R. D. 1957,
         {Physical and Mathematical Tables}
         (Edinburgh:  Oliver and Boyd Ltd.), (CAC)
         % A useful set of tables, I'm familiar with.
         % (CAC-??)



\bibitem[Clark(1969)]{clark1969} Clark, K. 1969,
        Civilization:  A Personal View (New York:  Harper & Row, Publishers)
        % The companion book to television series of Kenneth Clark (1903--1983).
        % It's a pretty good read with lots of good pictures.
        % The TV series is OK.  By modern standards it's slow going and restful.
        % History book.



\bibitem[Clayton(1983)]{clayton1983} Clayton, D. D. 1983,  % \citep[e.g.,][p.]{clayton1983}
        Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis (Chicago:  The University of Chicago Press)
        % The classic old Bible of stellar structure.
        % Lots of good stuff in here still.
        % But Don Clayton should really bring out a new edition.
        % (Cl-???)
        % (Donald Clayton (1983, p. 164))
        % \citep[e.g.,][p.]{clayton1983}



\bibitem[Clocchiatti et al.(1995)]{clocchiatti1995}
    Clocchiatti, A., Wheeler, J. C., Barker, E. S., Filippenko, A. V., Matheson, T., \&~Liebert, J. W.
       1995, \apj, 446, 167 
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % Spectrophotometric Study of SN 1993J at First Maximum Light.
        % From p. 169 and 175 one deduces that they estimate explosion to be about 28.0 UT.




\bibitem[Clocchiatti et al.(1996)]{clocchiatti1996}
        Clocchiatti, A., Wheeler, J. C., Brotherton, M. S., Cochran, A. L.,
        Wills, D., Barker, E. S., \&~Turatto, M. 1996, \apj, 462, 462
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % SN 1994I: Disentangling He i Lines in Type IC Supernovae.
        % We present spectroscopic observations of the Type Ic supernova SN 1994I
        % and analyze the evidence for helium in the optical portion of the spectrum.
        % The development of high-velocity He I {lambda}5876 starting approximately
        % 1 week after maximum light provides a pattern of evolution that can be used
        % to discriminate He I lines in other Type Ic supernovae. We show that,
        % contrary to earlier interpretation, SN 1987M displayed He I lines. The He
        % abundance is, however, probably consistent with previously derived upper
        % limits. We also identify He in SN 1988L. We conclude that most, and probably
        % all, Type Ic supernovae show evidence for He I lines in the optical
        % region of the spectra, which implies small amounts of high-velocity
        % helium in the outer portions of the ejecta. The implications of this
        % result for the progenitor stars are discussed.
        % Maximum light on April 10 in some band which th e authors choose not to disclose.



\bibitem[Clocchiatti et al.(2001)]{clocchiatti2001}
        Clocchiatti, A., et al. 2001, \apj, 553, 886
        %ADS reference.
        % Title:  The Type IC SN 1990B in NGC 4568.
        % 28 coauthors:  mostly the usual suspects.



\bibitem[Cohen(1994)]{cohen1994}
         Cohen, H. F. 1994, The Scientific Revolution:  A Historiographical Inquiry 
         (Chicago:  University of Chicago Press) (Co)
         % Not knowing all labrythine world of the current history
         % of science debate, my opinion of this book is naive---the
         % most damning of all descriptions.
         % But naively it seems a classic.
         % Cohen's got a great style.
         % It is what everyone has
         % has said to about 1994 about the Scientific Revolution.
         % Probably just about sums up that classic event.
         % Floris Cohen has promised his own study and 
         % delivered it 2010. 
         % History book.  Science Book.
     % Co-???



\bibitem[Cohen(2010)]{cohen2010}
         Cohen, H. F. 2010, 
     How Modern Science Came into the World: Four Civilizations, One 17th-Century Breakthrough 
         (Amsterdam:  Amsterdam University Press) (Co)
         % Floris Cohen has promised his own study and delivered it here.
         % History book.  Science Book.
     % Co-???
%  Cohen, H. F. 2010,
     How Modern Science Came into the World: Four Civilizations, One 17th-Century Breakthrough




\bibitem[Cohen-Tannoudji et al.(1977)]{cohen-tannoudji1977}
        Cohen-Tanoudji, C.,  Diu, B., \&~Lalo\"e, F. 1977,
        Quantum Mechanics
        (New York:  John Wiley \& Sons)
        % the old bible of NR quantum mechanics


    \bibitem[Cole \&~Woolfson(2002)]{cole2002}
    Cole, G. H. A., & Woolfson, M. M.  2002,
     Planetary Science:   The Science of Planets Around Stars
     (Bristol, UK:  Institute of Physics) (CW)
     A book for science majors.  Pretty fair, but not exhaustive.
     No color pictures.
     % CW-???




\bibitem[Coles \&~Lucchin(2002)]{coles2002} Coles, P., \&~Lucchin, F. 2002,
        Cosmology:  The Origin and Evolution of Cosmic Structure
        (Chichester, England:  John Wiley \&~Sons, Ltd.)
        % A pretty good cosmology textbook, but these books date rapidly. 
        % Science book.



\bibitem[Colgate \&~Mckee(1969)]{colgate1969}
        Colgate, S. A., \&~McKee, C. 1969, ApJ, 157, 623
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Early Supernova Luminosity.
        % After 
        % Pankey (1962) the second paper on Ni56 decay as the
        % power source for SNe~Ia which were just SNe~I in those days and they don't reference Pankey.



\bibitem[Colgrove(2007)]{colgrove2007} Colgrove, J. 2007,
         State of Immunity:  The Politics of Vaccination in Twentieth-Century America 
         (Berkeley, California:  University of California Press)
         % Well reviewed in Science:
         % 
         % review.
         % Science book.  History book.



\bibitem[Collins(1965)]{collins1965} Collins, L., & LaPierre, D. 1965,
        Is Paris Burning? (New York:  Simon & Schuster)
        % The story of the liberation of Paris in 1944 August.
        % Probably all kinds of detailed studies and other
        % things have appeared since.
        % But there is still an authenticity to a book written
        % by authors who could interview participants.
        % LaPierre lived through the occupation and liberation
        % though he was a child then.
        % History book.



\bibitem[Comins \& Kaufmann(2003)]{comins(2003}
     Comins, N. F., & Kaufmann, W. J. III, 2003,
     Discovering the Universe, 6th edition
     (New York:  W. H. Freeman & Company) (CK)
     % A reasonable intro astro book.  Kaufmann has left this veil of tears.
     % CK-???



\bibitem[Conley et al.(2006)]{conley2006}
       Conley, A., et al. 2006, \aj, 132, 1707 % , astro-ph/0607363 
       % 
       % ADS reference.
       % Title: The Rise Time of Type Ia Supernovae from the Supernova Legacy Survey
       % 27 coauthors
       % Mean Ia rise time to B max is 19.10\pm .4 for high z and 19.6 pm for low z.
       % This is adjusted for stretch.
       % A weighted average gives 19.4 days which rounding to half day is 19.5.


 
\bibitem[Cornford(1952)]{cornford1952} Cornford, F. M. 1952,
         Principium Sapientiae:   The Origins of Greek Philosophical Thought 
         (New York:  Harper \& Row, Publishers, reprint 1965) (Cor)
 
 See F.M. Cornford (1874--1943) and
Principium Sapientiae: The Origins of Greek Philosophical Thought by F. M. Cornford, W. K. C. Guthrie:  Review by: D. A. Rees.
         % Probably dated and disputable in many ways, but Furley seems
         % to agree on many points.
         % http://www.sacredbible.org/studybible/OT-22_Proverbs.htm 
         %   for Bible Poverbs 7:  principium sapientiae = the beginning of wisdom 
         % Cor-???



\bibitem[Courant \& Hilbert(1953)]{courant1953} 
         Courant, R., \& Hilbert, D. 1953,
         Methods for Mathematical Physics (English Translation), Vol.~1
         (Reprinted Vol 1, 1991),
         Vol. 2 reprinted Reprinted Vol 2,1991)
         (New York: Jonh Wiley \& Sons)
         % The great granddad of mathematical methods for physicists.
         % Some stuff is found only here or nearly.



\bibitem[Cox(2000)]{cox2000} Cox, A. N. (ed.) 2000,
        Allen's Astrophysical Quantities, 4th Edition (New York: AIP/Springer-Verlag) (Cox)
        % C. W. Allen's gone, but his great book of astrophysical quantities and more lives on. 
        % In his life, Allen published three editions of his classica reference book.
        % He just called it Astrophysical Quantities, but everyone else called
        % Allen's Astrophysical Quantities.
        % Now he is the official eponym of his book.
       % Cox-??? 



\bibitem[Crank(1990)]{crank1990} Crank, J. 1990,
        The Mathematics of Diffusion (Oxford, UK:  Clarendon Press)
        % The 2nd edition of a diffusion classic.  First edition 1956. 
        % QD 543 .C77 1990



\bibitem[Cristiani et al.(1992)]{cristiani1992}
         Cristiani, S.,~\etal 1992, A\&A, 259, 63
         %
         % ADS reference. 
         % Title:  The SN 1986 G in Centaurus A.
         % Over a year of photometric and spectroscopic observations
         % of SN~Ia~1986G.
         % They concluded there was no light echo to about 400 days.
         % There are 12 authors running Cappellaro, E., Turatto, M.,
         % Bergeron, J., Bues, J., Danziger, I. J.,~\etal



\bibitem[Cropper et al.(1988)]{cropper1988}
             Cropper, M., Bailey, J. A., McCowage, J., Cannon, R. D.,
            Couch, W. J., Straede, J. O., \&~Freeman, F. 1988, MNRAS, 231, 695
            % The first big 87A spectropolarimetry paper.



\bibitem[Crowley(2007)]{crowley2007} Crowley, J. 2007,
         Endles Things (Northampton, Massachusetts:  Small Beer Press)
        % Last volume of John Crowley's \AE gypt quartet. 
        % Well reviewed in the Washington Post:
        % 
        % review.
        % Literary book.  



\bibitem[Crowther(2006)]{crowther2006}
    Crowther, P. A. 2006, in 
    Proc. "Stellar Evolution at Low Metallicity: Mass-Loss, Explosions, Cosmology",
    ed. H. Lamers, N. Langer, \& T. Nugis (Provo, Utah:  Astronomical Society of the Pacific), in press, astro-ph/0510063 
    % astro-ph/0510063. 
    % Title:  Observed Metallicity Dependence of Winds from WR stars.
    % A review of observational evidence in favour of a metallicity dependence of WN and WC stars is presented. 
    % New near-IR studies of Milky Way, LMC and SMC early-type WN stars are presented, with weake winds amongst 
    % WN stars containing hydrogen. A metallicity dependence is supported for WN stars with hydrogen, 
    % with dM/dt propto Z^alpha with alpha approx 0.8 +/- 0.2 The influence of CNO content upon WN subtypes is discussed. ...

\bibitem[Cutnell \&~Johnson(2007)]{cutnell2007}
         Cutnell, J. D., \&~Johnson, K. W. 2007,
         Physics, 7th Edition
         (Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.)
         % Good algebra-based text.


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D



\bibitem[Davisson(1965)]{davisson1965} Davisson, C. M. 1965,
             in Alpha-, Beta-, and Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy, ed.~K.~Siegbahn
             (Amsterdam:  North-Holland), 37
             % $\gamma$-ray interaction with matter including the photoelectric effect,
             % Compton scattering, and pair production.
             % The Klein-Nishina formula and all that.



\bibitem[Deaton et al.(1998)]{deaton1998}
        Deaton, J., Branch, D., Baron, E., Fisher, A., Kirshner, R., \&~Garnavich, P. 1998,
        American Astronomical Society, 192nd AAS Meeting, \#06.10; 
        Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 30, p.824
%
        % ADS Reference
        % Spectral Analysis of the Peculiar Type IC Supernova 1997ef in UGC 4107.



\bibitem[Landi Degl'Innocenti(2002)]{landi degl'innocenti2002}
    Landi Degl'Innocenti, E. 2002, in Astrophysical Spectropolarimetry:
    Proceedings of the XII Canary Islands Winter School of Astrophysics,
    Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, Spain, November 13--14, 2000
    ed.~J.~Trujillo-Bueno, F.~Moreno-Insertis, \&~F.~S\'anchez
    (Cambridge, United Kingdom:  Cambridge University Press), 1 
    % Title:  the physics of polarization.
    % I really should study this to know something about polarization seeing as it's one
    % of my specialties.




\bibitem[Deng et al.(2000)]{deng2000}
        Deng, J. S., Qiu, Y. L., Hu, J. Y., Hatano, K., \&~Branch, D.
        2000, ApJ, 540, 452
        % Spectrum Analysis of the Type IB Supernova SN 1999DN: Probable Identifications of C II and Halpha



\bibitem[Deng et al.(2004)]{deng2004} Deng, J., et al.
%           Kawabata, K. S., Ohyama Y., Nomoto, K., Mazzali, P.,
%           Wang, L., Jeffery, D. J., Iye, M., Tomita, H., \& Yoshii, Y.
           2004, ApJ (Letters), 605, L37 % , astro-ph/0311590.
           % 10 authors
           % ``Subaru Spectroscopy of the Peculiar Type Ia Supernova 2002ic:
           %  Interaction with a Hydrogen-rich Progenitor Wind''
           % My contribution was mostly editorial.



\bibitem[Densmore et al.(2007)]{densmore2007}
         Densmore, J. D, Urbatscha, T, J., Evans, T. M., \&~Buksas, M. W. 2007,
         Journal of Computational Physics, 222, 485
        %
        % SCIRUS reference.
        % Title:  A hybrid transport-diffusion method for Monte Carlo radiative-transfer simulations. 
        % Maybe really good, but it looks hard to make it general. 




\bibitem[Dessart et al.(2006)]{dessart2006}
	Dessart, L., Burrows, A., Ott, C. D., Livne, E., Yoon, S.-C., \& Langer, N.
        2006, ApJ, 644, 1063
     % ADS Reference.
     % Title:  Multidimensional Simulations of the Accretion-induced Collapse of White Dwarfs to Neutron Stars
     % For supern-chan work mostly useful for showing Figure 1 with plots of rotating WD density
     % distribution.




\bibitem[Dessart \&~Hillier(2005)]{dessart2005}
        Dessart, L., \&~Hillier, D. J. 2005, A\&A, 437, 667
        % Quantitative spectroscopy of photospheric-phase type II supernovae.
        % p. 682 gives their explanation of the blue-shift of P-Cygni emission maxima. 
        % This description is complementary to {chugai1988}'s explanation.
        % Their figure has synthetic locally normalized spectra. 



\bibitem[Dessart \&~Hillier(2008)]{dessart2008}
        Dessart, L., \&~Hillier, D. J. 2005, MNRAS, 383, 57
        ADS reference.
        Title:  Time-dependent effects in photospheric-phase Type II supernova spectra.
        % Probably time-dependent effects are important in other supernova types
        % too.



\bibitem[Diamond(1997)]{diamond1997} Diamond, J. M. 1997,
         Guns, Germs, and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies
         (New York : W.W. Norton & Company)
         % It seems the classic about the necessities for
         % development of technologically and intellectually
         % advanced human societies.
         % Science book.  History book.



\bibitem[Dickens(1967)]{dickens1967} Dickens, A. G. 1967,
        The English Reformation (New York:  Schocken Books)
        % One of those books where the style and sympathy of 
        % the author make it a pleasure to read even if you
        % think that the peculiar intellectual issues comparatively 
        % unimportant.  The humane history remains important. 
        % It's one of the books, I like to reread now and then.
        % History book.



\bibitem[Doggett \&~Branch(1985)]{dessart1985}
         Doggett, J. B., \&~Branch, D. 1985, AJ, 90, 2303
         % 
         % ADS reference. 
         % Title:  A comparative study of supernova light curves.
            % The light curve paper.  They discuss SN~1961V in NGC~1058,
            % Zwicky's Type~V.  It is a radically weird Type~II with
            % velocities of 2000 km/s, hydrogen lines, very long plateau,
            % still be followed 8 years after explosion, seen as a
            % 18 mag star on plates dating 25 years before explosion,
            % always assuming Zwicky made the right identification.
            % I think there are BV template light curves that go
            % to much later times than Leibundgut 1988.



\bibitem[Dom\'\inguez et al.(2007)]{dominguez2007}
        Dom\'\inguez, I., Piersanti, L., Bravo, E., H\"oflich, P., Straniero, O., \& Tornamb\'e, A.
        in The Multicoloured Landscape of Compact Objects and their Explosive Origins,
        AIP Conf.~Pro.~924, Vol.~1
        Cefal\`u, Sicily, 2006 June 11---24, ed.~L.~A.~Antonelli et al.
        (Melville, New York:  American Institute of Physics), 218
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Type Ia Supernova Cosmology from a Supernova Modeller Point of View. 
        % Some discussion of super-chan SNe Ia.



\bibitem[Dwarkadas \&~Chevalier(1998)]{dwarkadas1998} % \citep[e.g.,][p.~808--809]{dwarkadas1998}
        Dwarkadas, V. V., \&~Chevalier, R. A. 1998, \apj, 497, 807 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Interaction of Type IA Supernovae with Their Surroundings.
        % Ia remnants.  Figure 1 shows that Hoeflich model profiles approximate
        % exponentials.


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E



 % \citealt{eastman1993}
\bibitem[Eastman \&~Pinto(1993)]{eastman1993}
         Eastman, R. G., \&~Pinto, P.~A. 1993, ApJ, 412, 731
         % ADS reference. 
         % Title:  Spectrum formation in supernovae - Numerical techniques
         % Their NLTE technique paper with sample nebular
         % Ia calculation and a sample II calculation.
         % hey, they didn't thank the referee!!!
         % They do give a good expansion opacity formalism.
         % The best simple one I think, the one that
         % gets really what expansion opacity is all about.

% citep{eddy1979}
\bibitem[Eddy(1979)]{eddy1979}
         Eddy, J. A. 1979,
         in New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab. NASA SP-402,
         ed.~Rein Ise
         (Washington D.C.:  NASA) % no page number
         % NASA ADS
         % Title:  New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab. NASA SP-402


 \citep[e.g.,][p.~115]{eiseley1961}
\bibitem[Eiseley(1961)]{eiseley1961} Eiseley, L. 1961, Darwin's Century:
        Evolution and the Men Who Discovered It,
        (Garden City, New York:  Anchor Books,  Doubleday & Company, Inc.)
         % Wriggling on p. 115, 295
         % Eiseley 1961, p. 115, 295




\bibitem[Elias-Rosa et al.(2006)]{elias-rosa2006}
        Elias-Rosa, N., et al. 2006, MNRAS, 369, 1880 
        % 
        % ADS reference
        % 17 coauthors.
        % Title:  Anomalous extinction behaviour towards the Type Ia SN 2003cg.



\bibitem[Eisberg \& Resnick(1985)]{eisberg1985} Eisberg, R., \& Resnick, R. 1985,
         Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles 
         (Hoboken, New Jersey:  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
         % A pretty good modern physics book at a sort of advanced level.
         % A bit dated now.
         % Also familiarity breeds contempt and close study brings out
         % lots of things I'd change.



\bibitem[Erhart et al.(2012)]{erhart2012}
        Erhart, J., Sponar, S., Sulyok, G., Badurek, G., Ozawa, M., \& Hasegawa, Y. 2012, 
        Nature Physics, doi:10.1038/nphys2194 
        % Quant-ph reference
        % Nature Physics ref
        % Title:  Experimental demonstration of 
        % a universally valid error-disturbance uncertainty relation in spin-measurements
        % see also 
        % http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=heisenbergs-uncertainty-principle-is-not-dead
        % the SciAm article




\bibitem[Enge(1966)]{enge1966}  Enge, H. A. 1966,
         Introduction to Nuclear Physics
         (Reading, Massachusetts:  Addison-Wesley Publishing Company) 
         % Dated, but still good on a lot of things and I own a copy.
         % My first copy was stolen from brief case when I left in
         % the hall of the Refectory circa 1979. 

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F




\bibitem[Fagan(2004)]{fagan2004]
     Fagan, B. 2004, The Long Summer:  How Climate Changed Civilization
     (New York: Basic Books) (Fa)
     % Interesting popular book on how climate change has affected humankind
     % over the last 20,000 years or so.  But it could use better graphs
     % and illustrations.  Also the selection of cases seems a bit
     % haphazard and there's some jumping around.  Not the definitive book
     % on the subject.
     % Fa-???



\bibitem[Fantoli(1994)]{fantoli1994}
         Fantoli, A. 1994, Galileo:  For Copernicanism and for the
         Church (Vatican City:  Vatican Observatory Publications)
         % Not so different from Santillana (1955).
         % It covers the ground and has slightly differently weighted conclusions.
         % History book.  Biography book.


\bibitem[Fermi(1936)]{fermi1936} Fermi, E. 1936, 
         Ricerca Scient., 7, 13
         % Fermi's approximation to the grey atmosphere limb darkening law. 
         % He was probably interested in neutron transfer.


\bibitem[Fesen \&~Gunderson(1996)]{fesen96} Fesen, R. A.,
         \&~Gunderson, K. S. 1996, \apj, 470, 967
         % The c/30 jet of Cas A.
         % Maybe one of a pair of bipolar jets.
         % Maybe just the biggest Rayleigh-Taylor finger.



\bibitem[Feynman et al.(1963)]{feynman1963}
         Feynman, R., Leighton, R. B., & Sands, M. 1963,
         The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol 1
         (Reading, Massachusetts:  Addison-Wesley Publicshing Co., Inc.)
         % A classic of exposition of mainly undergraduate physics.


\bibitem[Fick(1855)]{fick1855} Fick, A. 1855, Poggendorff's Annalen Physik, 94, 59
          % Fick's law in 1-d first presented.
          % The reference is from Wikipedia.




\bibitem[Filippenko(1988)]{filippenko1988}
        Filippenko, A. V. 1988, AJ, 96, 1941
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % Supernova 1987K - Type II in youth, type Ib in old age.
        % SN 1987K IIb in NGC 4651.  Alex introduces the name IIb.



\bibitem[Filippenko(1992)]{filippenko1992}
        Filippenko, A. V. 1992, \apj, 384, L37 
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % Early-time spectra of type IC supernovae - Further evidence for the presence of hydrogen.
        % Comparison of the early-time optical spectra of the Type II SN 1985L and the Type Ic SN 1987M 
        % confirms the previously suspected presence of H-alpha in SN 1987M. The H-alpha line has a P Cygni 
        % profile in both objects, but it is not as prominent as in the Type II SN 1987K, whose spectrum 
        % at late times became indistinguishable from that of SNs Ic. A spectrum of the Type Ic SN 1991A 
        % reveals a weak but nearly unmistakable H-alpha emission line;
        % faint H-alpha emission may also be present in the Type Ic SN 1990aa.  


\bibitem[Filippenko(1994)]{filippenko1994} Filippenko, A. V. 1994, private communication
     % "The spectrum of SN 1993J that Tom Matheson and I got at Lick Observatory
     % (3-m Shane reflector) on November 17, 1993 UT --- almost exactly
     % coincident with the new HST data. It is a combination of spectra
     % taken between November 17.41 and 17.46 UT.
     % The units are f_nu (mJy), but the night was very cloudy so don't    
     % trust the absolute fluxes. The relative spectrophotometry should be
     % excellent, though. (We use the parallactic angle, etc.)
     % 2 Ang/bin, 3120.0 -- 9900.0 Ang, 3391 bins."
     % The agreement in overlap region with 1993nov14 spectrum is excellent actually (after converting
     % to flambda.



\bibitem[Filippenko(1997)]{filippenko1997a}
         Filippenko, A. V. 1997, in Thermonuclear Supernovae, Proceedings of the
         NATO Advanced Study Institute, held in Begur, Girona, Spain, June 20-30, 1995,
         edited by P. Ruiz-Lapuente, R. Canal, and J. Isern
         (Dordrecht:  Kluwer Academic Publishers), 1
         % 
         % ADS reference.  But the article doesn't seem to be online anywhere.
         % Title:  Type Ia supernovae: observational overview.
         % According to Filippenko (1997, p. 318)
         % Alex shows some 94D spectra of probably of his own and these may be some 
         % of the ones I have.



\bibitem[Filippenko(1997)]{filippenko1997} Filippenko, A. V. 1997, \araa, 35, 309
         %
         % ADS reference.
         % Annual Reviews in Astronomy \& Astrophysics
         % The reference is in Riess et al 1998 on cosmology.
         % An observer's review of optical supernova spectra and spectral classification.
         % But note that this paper precedes the discovery of hypernovae.



\bibitem[Filippenko \&~Matheson(1993)]{filippenko1993}
        Filippenko, A. V., \& Matheson, T. 1993, IAU Circ.~5787
        % {filippenko1993}
        % SN 1993J becomes IIb by May 11 or about 44 days after explosion.
        % Say 40 days in round numbers.  They call it a IIb.



\bibitem[Filippenko \&~Shields(1990)]{filippenko1990}
        Filippenko, A. V., \&~Shields, J. C. 1990, IAU Circ.~5111 
        %IAUC Reference
        % Supernova 1990aa Ic.
        % Reports a 1990sep27 spectrum from 3900--9800 A with 12 A resolution. 



\bibitem[Filippenko et al.(1990)]{filippenko1990}
        Filippenko, A. V., Porter, A. C., \& Sargent, W. L. W.  1990, AJ, 100, 1575 
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % The type Ic (helium-poor Ib) supernova 1987M - Transition to the supernebular phase.
        % An early well-observed Ic, but not the prototype:  83I and 83V are.



\bibitem[Filippenko et al.(1992b)]{filippenko1992b}
        Filippenko, A. V., et al.  AJ, 104, 1543
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % The type Ic (helium-poor Ib) supernova 1987M - Transition to the supernebular phase.
        % An early well-observed Ic, but not the prototype:  83I and 83V are.




\bibitem[Filippenko et al.(1992c)]{filippenko1992c}
             Filippenko, A.~V., et al. 1992, ApJ, 384, L15
             % 
             % ADS reference.
             % Title:  The peculiar Type IA SN 1991T - Detonation of a white dwarf?
             % The SN~1991T paper:  Alex seems to have been first with
             % the Fe III identifications and with the sandwich idea.
             % A pretty good paper actually.
             % The authors read Filippenko, A. V., Richmond, M. W.,
             % Matheson, T., Shields, J. C., etc.  There are 16 authors.
             % They also have some original 
             % SN 1990N spectra.



\bibitem[Filippenko et al.(1992d)]{filippenko1992d}
        Filippenko, A. V., et al.  1992, AJ, 104, 1543
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % 13 coauthors
        % Title:  The subluminous, spectroscopically peculiar type IA supernova 1991bg in the 
        % elliptical galaxy NGC 4374.
        % They beat Bruno to print on this SN Ia.




\bibitem[Filippenko et al.(1995)]{filippenko1995} Filippenko, A. V., et al.
        1995, \apj, 450, L11
% Helium in Ic's.  18 authors running Filippenko, Barth, Matheson, Armus, etc.
% We present a series of spectra of SN 1994I in M51, starting 1 week prior
% to maximum brightness. The nebular phase began about 2 months after the
% explosion; together with the rapid decline of the optical light, this
% suggests that the ejected mass was small.  Although lines of He I in the
% optical region are weak or absent, consistent with the Type Ic
% classification, we detect strong He I lambda 10830 absorption during
% the first month past maximum. Thus, if SN 1994I is a typical
% Type Ic supernova, the atmospheres of these objects cannot be completely
% devoid of helium. The emission-line widths are smaller than predicted by the
% model of Nomoto and coworkers, in which the iron core of a low-mass
% carbon-oxygen star collapses. They are, however, larger than in Type Ib
% supernovae.



\bibitem[Finkelberg(2005)]{finkelberg2005} Finkelberg, M. 2005,
        Greeks and Pre-Greeks:  Aegean Prehistory and the Greek Heroic Tradition
        (Cambridge, UK:  Cambridge University Press)
        % Seems a pretty good modern book on Bronze Age Greeks.
        % Some of it is rather technical.  Probably reading chapters 1, 7, and 8 is
        % enough for the layperson. 
        % I liked that Mopsos son of Manto (a prophetess) son of Tiresias
        % has been identified in history.  A legendary hero---albeit a minor one---actually
        % finds a place in records.  See p. 150--153.
        % DF 214 .F56 2005 at University of Oklahoma.
        % History book.



\bibitem[Finley(1976)]{finley1976} Finley, M. I. 1976,
         Aspects of Antiquity (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England:  Penguin Books)
         % Finley's reputation still stands pretty high 
         % in Greco-Roman history.  Worth re-reading. 
         % An interesting point is that Finley sees no options
         % for Diocletion in re-ordering the world from the
         % conservative way he did it.   I'd say that Diocletion
         % needed to try and engender a scientific and technological
         % revolution.  Probably it would have mostly failed, but
         % it would have helped some way to getting humanity out
         % of the pit of the cycle or rise and fall.
         % History book.



\bibitem[Firestone \&~Ekstr\"om(2004)]{firestone2004} Firestone, R. B., \& Ekstr\"om, L. P. 2004,
        LBNL Isotopes Project-Lunds Universitet:  WWW Table of Radioactive Isotopes
        (Berkeley, California:  Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory),
        http://ie.lbl.gov/toi/
        % The great online site for radioactive nuclides.
        % Main page.
        % Si-32 page:  hl 150 y = 54787.5d0 =
        %  P-32 page:  hl 14.262 d b- 
        % Sc-44 page:  hl 3.927 h 8 = 0.1636 d 
        %   But Sc-44 has a long-lived metastable state, but Ti-44 virtually doesn't decay to that state:
        %        see the Ti-44 page decay levels diagram.
        % Ti-44 page:  hl 63 y 3 = 23010.75 d
        % Mn-53 page:  hl 3.74e+6 y = 1.366035E+9 d
        % Fe-53 page:  hl 8.51 m = 5.909722381167942d-3 d 
        % Fe-55 page:  hl 2.73 y 3 = 997.1 d
        % Fe-60 page:  hl 1.5d+6 y =  547875000 d  b-
        % Co-55 page:  hl 17.53 h 3 = 0.7304 d 
        % Co-56 page:  hl 77.27 d 3
        % Co-57 page:  hl 271.79 d 9
        % Co-60 page:  hl           b-
         % metastable Co-60 page:  hl           b-
        % Ni-56 page:  hl 6.077 d 12   
        % Ni-57 page:  hl 35.60 h 6 = 1.483 d
        % Ni-59 page:  hl 7.6d+4 y = 27759000. d
        % Cu-59 page:  hl 81.5 s = 9.432870370370371E-4 d 




\bibitem[Fisher(2000)]{fisher2000} Fisher, A. 2000, Ph.D. thesis, University of Oklahoma 
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % But it is a thesis, and so it is not really on-line at ADS.
        % Title:  Direct analysis of type Ia supernovae spectra.
        % Abstract:  This work describes how to use and modify the 
        % highly parameterized spectrum synthesis code (SYNNEW). SYNNEW can be used to derive 
        % information directly from type Ia supernovae spectra.
        % The name SYNEW never caught on and the code continues to be called SYNOW.
        % This is good SYNOW version 1.0 reference.  A SYNOW reference.



\bibitem[Fisher et al.(1999)]{fisher1999} Fisher, A., Branch, D., Hatano, K., \&~Baron, E. 1999, 
       \mnras, 304, 67 
       % 
       % ADS reference.
       % Title:  On the spectrum and nature of the peculiar Type IA supernova 1991T.
       % 91T again. They go for 1.4 M_sun of Ni-56 and super-Chandrasekhar, but it's uncertain
       % because of the uncertain luminosity because of the uncertain distance.  They don't estimate
       % a total mass, but suggest it is of order a few tenths above Chandrasekhar. 
       % They also find a persistent Na I line that may mark the iron core boundary at 9000 km/s.
       % The line is still there at 59 days past maximum.
       % They tentatively identify a C II 6580 absorption at about 6300 A in the premax spectra.
       % But frankly, it isn't there in the premax specta I have or they are a bit wrong about
       % the position.


  \citet{fleck1984}
\bibitem[Fleck \& Canfield(1984)]{fleck1984} 
       Fleck, Jr., J. A., \&~Canfield, E. H.  1984,
       Journal of Computational Physics, 54, 508 
       % 
       % sciencedirect.
       % Title:  A random walk procedure for improving the computational efficiency of the implicit Monte Carlo method 
       % for nonlinear radiation transport.  
       % These guys pre-emptively stole the giantsteps idea from me and Paolo.
       % But onto something better.



\bibitem[Folatelli et al.(2006)]{follatelli2006}
        Folatelli, G., et al. 2006, \apj, 641, 1039 
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % 25  coauthors
        % SN 2005bf: A Possible Transition Event between Type Ib/c Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursts  
        % A very long rise 2-maximum Ibc SN.
        % Changed from Ic-like to Ib-like as it aged.



\bibitem[Foley et al.(2003)]{foley2003}
        Foley, R. J. 2003, PASP, 115, 1220
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % 9 coauthors including Filippenko and Mazzali. 
        % Optical Photometry and Spectroscopy of the SN 1998bw-like Type Ic Supernova 2002ap Ic hypernova.
        % Some SN 2002ap spectra, but not those in David Branch's archive. 



\bibitem[Ford et al.(1993)]{ford1993}
        Ford, C. H., Herbst, W., Richmond, M. W., Baker, M. L., Filippenko, A. V., Treffers, R. R., Paik, Y.,
        \& Benson, P. J. 1993, AJ, 106, 1101
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % Title:  CCD photometry of three Type IA supernovae - V, R, and I light curves.
        % 91M, 91T, 92G. 
        % The maxima are given on p. 1109.




\bibitem[Ford \& Pettengill(1992)]{ford1992}
         Ford, P. G., & Pettengill, G. H. 1992, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 13103
         %ADS Reference
         % see http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1992/92JE01085.shtml
         %   for the original paper, but it is behind a paywall
         % The source of a useful Mercator topogrphic map of Venus.
         % For versions of the map see:
         %  Guide to Magellan Image Interpretation:
         %      Chapter 3. The Non-SAR Experiments Jeffrey J. Plaut 
         %  Views of the Solar System by Calvin J. Hamilton
         %  NSSDC Photo Gallery  probably
         % (Ford & Pettengill 1992)
 


\bibitem[Fraknoi et al.(1997)]{fraknoi1997}
     Fraknoi, A., Morrison, D., & Wolf, S. 1997,
     Voyages Through the Universe
     (Fort Worth, Texas:  Saunders College Publishing) (FMW)
     % Somewhat dated, but I'm familiar with it.  As with all good
     % intro astro books, there are some points they discuss that others evade.
     % (FMW-???)



\bibitem[Frank(1952)]{frank1952} Frank, A. 1952,
        Anne Frank:  The Diary of a Young Girl, translator:  B. M. Mooyaart-Doubleday,
        introduction:  Eleanor Roosevelt
        (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc.)
        % Anne Frank (1929--1944)
        % (Wikipedia).  
        % Anne Frank.
        % History book.  Biography book.



\bibitem[Fransson(1982)]{fransson1982} Fransson, C. 1982, A\&A, 111, 140 
       % X-ray and UV-emission from supernova shock waves in stellar winds:  Paper I



\bibitem[Fransson(1984a)]{fransson1984a} Fransson, C. 1984a, A\&A, 132, 115
       % Line profiles from supernovae UV with circumstellar interaction:  Paper II



\bibitem[Fransson(1984b)]{fransson1984b} Fransson, C. 1984b, A\&A, 133, 264
       % Comptonization and UV emission lines from Type II supernovae:  Paper IV



\bibitem[Fransson(1984d)]{fransson1984d} Fransson, C. 1984d, Physica Scripta, T7, 50 
       % Comptonization and UV emission lines from Type II supernovae:  Paper ``V''.
       % 
       % ADS reference.
       % Title:  The effects of Comptonization in type II supernovae.
       % This is just a 2-page paper that gives a kind of summary of the series.
       % The ADS reference doesn't link to an eprint. 
       % I've a copy in my Branch non-Ia collaboration papers.



\bibitem[Fransson et al.(1984c)]{fransson1984c} 
        Fransson, C., Benvenuti, P., Wamsteker, W., Gordon, C., Hempe, K., Reimers, D., Palumbo, G. G. C., 
        \&~Panagia, N. 1984c, A\&A, 132, 1 
        
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Physical conditions in the UV line emitting region of supernova 1979c in NGC 4321.
        % Comptonization and UV emission lines from Type II supernovae:  Paper III 




\bibitem[Fransson et al.(1996)]{fransson1996} Fransson, C., Lundqvist, P.,  \&~Chevalier, R. A. 1996, \apj, 461, 993
       % Circumstellar Interaction in SN 1993J.
       % radio, X-rays, and UV.



\bibitem[Fransson et al.(2005)]{fransson2005} Fransson, C., et al. 2005, \apj, 622, 991 
       % 16 coauthors including Eddie Baron!!  
       % Hubble Space Telescope and Ground-based Observations of SN 1993J and SN 1998S: CNO Processing in the Progenitors.
       % This paper shows the 650--2600 day development of the Mg II 2800 line in SN 1993J IIb.



\bibitem[French(1971)]{french1971} French, A. P. 1971,
         Newtonian Mechanics:  The M.I.T. Introductory Physics Series
         (New York:  W.W. Norton \& Company), (FR)
         % Still a darn good book on mechanics at the intermediate level. 
         % If I knew everything in this book, I'd know a lot more than
         % I do.



\bibitem[French(2007)]{french2007} French, T. 2007,
         In the Woods,
         (New York:  Viking Press)
         % Another Irish mystery with fey damsels, dark strangers, haunted bicycles.
         % Did I mention leprechauns.
         % Well reviewed in
         % 
         % The Washington Post.
         % Mystery book. 



\bibitem[Freedman \& Kaufmann(2005)]{freedman(2005} 
      Freedman, R. A., \& Kaufmann, W. J. III, 2005,
     Universe, 7th edition
     (New York:  W. H. Freeman & Company) (FK)
     % A slightly elevated intro astro book.
     % Kaufmann has left this veil of tears.
     % FK-???



\bibitem[Freedman et al.(1994)]{freedman1994}
        Freedman, W. L., et al. 1994, \apj, 427, 628 
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % 15 coauthors 
        % The Hubble Space Telescope Extragalactic Distance Scale Key Project. 1: The discovery of Cepheids and a new distance to M81.
        % True distance modulus to M81 is determined to be 27.80 +/- 0.20 mag, corresponding to a distance of 3.63 +/- 0.34 Mpc.  
        % mu=5*log(r)+25 or r=10**(mu/5-5) with r in Mpc.
        % M81 is the host galaxy of SN 1993J IIb.




\bibitem[Frieman(2005)]{frieman2005} Frieman, J. 2005, IAU Circ., 8616
       % 
       % ADS reference. 
       % Title:  Supernovae 2005ex-2005gj and 2005go-2005gy.
       % Follow-up (but not much of one) to discovery of SN 2005gj Ia/IIn reported by 
       % <./ref.html#barentine2005">Barentine et al (2005). 
       % See IAUC 8616



\bibitem[Frye(1983)]{frye1983} Frye, N. 1983,
         The Great Code:  The Bible and Literature 
         (San Diego:  Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers) 
         % Stimulating, allusive, elusive.
         % Not really the Bible and literature, but the Bible as a unified
         % literary product.  Yes the editors and writers of the Bible spanned
         % centuries and there are tensions between their ideas and programs.
         % But the Bible can be read as a whole and that is what the
         % religious have always done:  it's  important meaning
         % for religion and art arises from a unified view.
         % Of course, for history one has to treat the Bible with
         %  great caution.
         %
         % It is one of those books that I find I can read again and
         % again.  Well I re-read it when I'm too weary to read anything new.
         % It gave me that very useful phrase ``demon parody'' that is so
         % useful in political history.  
         %
         % Northrop Frye (Wikipedia)
         % was a well known literary critic who was a Canadian in his spare time. 
         % 
         % There are interesting parallels in science to Frye's
         % exposition of literary advance:  metaphorical writing corresponds
         % to mythical thinking, metonymic writing to a priori theory
         % or natural myth science, descriptive writing to modern science with
         % balanced theory and experiment.
         % History book.  Literary book.




\bibitem[Furley(1987)]{furley1987} Furley, D. 1987,
         The Greek Cosmologists:  Volume~1:
         The Formation of the Atomic Theory and its Earliest Critics
         (Cambridge, UK:  Cambridge University Press)
         % I think this is a great book:  scholarly, but accessible to the layperson.
         % A lot of inference is needed to figure out just what some of
         % the Prescratics actually thought.  Maybe David Furley is too
         % clever, but everything seems right as rain to me.
         % Furley never seems to have brought out the 2nd volume.
         % History book.  Science book.  Philosophy book. 
         % Fu-???
% (Fu-136--146, esp. 140)
      on Democritus and his cosmology
 % see David Furley (1922--2010) David John, but he didn't use the J.
 % see David Furley (1922--2010) in German
 % see Amazon:  David J. Furley 1987, The Greek Cosmologists)




\bibitem[Furneaux Jordan(1970)]{furneaux jordan1970} Furneaux Jordan, R. 1970,
         A Concise History of Western Architecture (:  Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.)
         % A very readable book especially when one needs distraction from problems.
         % Good pictures.  If I remembered it all, I'd know a lot more about 
         % architecture than I do.
         % Oddly enough Furneaux Jordan also wrote detective fiction as 
         % Robert Player (Wikipedia).
         % History book.


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G



\bibitem[Galama et al.(1998)]{galama1998} Galama, T., et al. 1998, Nature, 395, 670
       % About 48 coauthors.
       %
% ADS reference 
       % An unusual supernova in the error box of the gamma-ray burst of 25 April 1998.
       % The discovery paper for SN 1998bw, the famous SN Ic_hypernova coincident with
       % GRB 980425.



\bibitem[Gal-Yam et al.(2002)]{gal-yam2002} Gal-Yam, A., Ofek, E. O., Shemmer, O. 2002, MNRAS, 332, L73 
     %
     % ADS reference
     % Supernova 2002ap: the first month
     % A Ic hypernova without a gamma-ray burst, but weakish hypernova.
     % An it may have had a jet.



\bibitem[Gangopadhyaya et al.(2011)]{gangopadhyaya2011}
         Gangopadhyaya, A., Mallow, J. V., \& Rasinariu, C. 2011, 
         {Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics:  An Introduction}
         (Singapore:  World Scientific)
         % Pretty good it seems.  Has a few typos 



\bibitem[Garavini et al.(2004)]{garavini2004}
     Garavini, G. 2004, AJ, 128, 387 
     %
     % ADS reference
     % 18+ coauthors.
     % Title:  Spectroscopic Observations and Analysis of the Peculiar SN 1999aa. 



\bibitem[Garavini et al.(2005)]{garavini2005}
     Garavini, G. 2005, AJ, 130, 2278 
     %
     % ADS reference
     % 27+ coauthors.
     % Title:  Spectroscopic Observations and Analysis of the Unusual Type Ia SN 1999ac.



\bibitem[Garavini et al.(2007)]{garavini2007}
     Garavini, G. 2005, A\&A, in press, astro-ph/0702569
     %
     % ADS reference
     % 14 coauthors.
     % Title:  ESC observations of SN 2005cf: II. Optical Spectroscopy and the high velocity features.
     % They've scooped Branch et al. 2007 PreMax a bit:  quite a bit.  But they still have not found
     % the day -12 90N spectrum even though Stefano Benetti is on this paper.



\bibitem[Garnavich et al.(2004)]{garnavich2004} 
     Garnavich, P. M. 2004, \apj, 613, 1120 
     %
     % ADS reference
     % 12 coauthors.
     % Title:  The Luminosity of SN 1999by in NGC 2841 and the Nature of ``Peculiar'' Type Ia Supernovae.




\bibitem[Gaskell et al.(1986)]{gaskell1986} Gaskell, C. M., Cappellaro, E., Dinerstein, H. L., Garnett, D. R., 
       Harkness, R. P., \&~Wheeler, J. C. 1986, \apj, 306, L77 
       %  
       % ADS reference.
       % Type Ib supernovae 1983n and 1985f - Oxygen-rich late time spectra.
       % On SN 1983N in NGC 5236 (M83) and SN 1984L Ib in NGC 991.



\bibitem[Georgi(1982)]{georgi1982} Georgi, H. 1982,
         Lie Algebras in Particle Physics:   From Isospin to Unified Theories
        (Reading, Massachusetts:  Benjamin/Cumming Publishing Company, Inc.)



\bibitem[Geltman(1962)]{geltman1962} 
         Geltman, S. 1962, ApJ, 136, 935
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  The Bound-Free Absorption Coefficient of the Hydrogen Negative Ion. 
         % Referenced in mihalas1978.  Probably still useful, but probably improved
         % on.



\bibitem[Gere(2006)]{gere2006}
         Gere,  C. 2006, The Tomb of Agamemnon
         (Cambridge, Massachusetts:  Harvard University Press)
         % A book in a series on the Wonders of the World.
         % It's a pretty good little book.  Essentially it is an
         % an essay on evolving cultural significance of Bronze-age Mycenae
         % The peroration sums it up: 
         % ``Can we finally acknowledge the battle-scarred
         % heroes of Mycenae without recruiting them to fight?'' 
         % History book.



\bibitem[Ghez(2001)]{ghez2001} Ghez, R. 2001,
        Diffusion Phenomena:  Cases and Studies (New York:  Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers)
        % Seems a pretty good book on diffusion. 
        % multi-d equation on p. 32 and solution on p. 106.



\bibitem[Gibson \&~Stetson(2001)]{gibson2001}
       Gibson, B. K., \&~Stetson, P. B.  2001, ApJ, 547, L103 
       % Title:  Supernova 1991T and the Value of the Hubble Constant
       % They find $D=13.0\pm1.7\,$Mpc for the host galaxy NGC 4527.
       % fisher1999 used D=16.4 Mpc and so scaling down from fisher1999's
       % 1.45 M_sun of Ni-56, one gets 0.82 which is only at the high end of
       % the normal range.   Actually Howell (2006) give Ni-56 mass .855. 
       % Who is right.  Not me I'd guess. 



\bibitem[Gies \&~Gies(1994)]{gies1994}  Gies, F., \& Gies, J. 1994,
         Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages
         (New York:  HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.)
         % Good popular account of Medieval technology.
         % Easy reading.
         % Science book.  History book.



\bibitem[Gilmore(1962)]{gilmore1962} Gilmore, M. P. 1962,
        The Age of Humanism (New York:  Harper & Row Publishers)
        % Worth rereading at some point.  A sort of remedy for
        % The Waning of the Middle Ages.
        % The illustrations could have been a lot better.
        % History book.




\bibitem[Godwin(2007)]{godwin2007}
         Godwin,  P. 2007,
         When the Crocodile Eats the Sun:  A Memoir of Africa (Erewhon:  Little, Brown)
         % About Zimbabwe and the Mugabe regime. 
         % Well reviewed in the Washington Post: 
         % review.
         % Little, Brown site.
         % History book.



\bibitem[Goldberg(1989)]{goldberg1989}
           Goldberg, D. 1989, Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization,
          and Machine Learning (Reading, Massachusetts:  Addison-Wesley)
          % genetic algorithms



\bibitem[Goldstein et al.(2002)]{goldstein2002}
         Goldstein, H., Poole, C., \&~Safko, J. 2002,
         Classical Mechanics, 3rd Edition
         (San Francisco:  Addison-Wesley) (Go)
         % Lots of good stuff in it.
         % But there is almost a typo per page:  it's shameful. 
         % Also I think it is about time that a more modern classical mechanics
         % book took over that avoided what seems to me to be useless
         % and/or obsolete formalism. 



\bibitem[Gomez \&~Lopez(1998)]{gomez1998}
         Gomez, G., \& Lopez, R. 1998, AJ, 115, 1096 
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  The Canarias Type IA Supernova Archive. II. A Standard Spectral Evolution Sequence. 
         % They show 4 spectra of 91M of which only 1 is clearly in 
         % the table in Gomez et al. (1996). 
         % 1998mar publication.



\bibitem[Gomez \&~Lopez(1998b)]{gomez1998b}
         Gomez, G., \& Lopez, R. 1998b, Ap\&SS, 263, 295 
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Standard Spectral Evolutionary Sequence for Type 1a Supernovae.
         % A very short paper with some 91M spectra.
         % 1998jun publication.



\bibitem[Gomez et al.(1996)]{gomez1996}
         Gomez, G., Lopez, R., \& Sanchez, F. 1996, AJ, 112, 2094 
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  The Canaries Type IA Supernovae Archive (I).
         % A reference for SNe Ia SN 1991M (see Table 1) among other things.
         % SN 1990N (p. 2107).



\bibitem[Gould(1978)]{gould1978}
         Gould, R. J. 1978, ApJ, 219, 250 
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Radiative recombination of complex ions. 
         % Probably pretty dated now, but the formula may still
         % be of some use for comparison to more advanced results.
         % I've a few notes in the reference folder.



\bibitem[Graham et al.(1986)]{graham1986} 
       Graham, J. R., Meikle, W. P. S., Allen, D. A., Longmore, A. J., \&~Williams, P. M.  1986, MNRAS, 218, 93 
       %  
       % ADS reference.
       % Discovery of a large mass of iron in a type I supernova.  They mean 83N.
       % On SN 1983N in NGC 5236 (M83) and SN 1984L Ib in NGC 991.



\bibitem[Grant \& Hunt(1968)]{grant1968}
   Grant, I.P., \& Hunt G.E. 1968, JQSRT, 18, 1817
     %  I.P. Grant, G.E. Hunt, 1968, JQSRT, 18, 1817,
     %       Radiative transfer in a Rayleigh scattering atmosphere:   you have to scoll down to the
     %       second article in the list.
     %       Equation (2.3) of
     %       Grant & Hunt (1968)
     %       is correct and same result equation (6)
     %       of Peraiah (1975)
     %       is wrong.
     %       Chandrasekhar (1960, p. 43) gives
     %       the correct result too.



\bibitem[Greene(2003)]{green2003}
       Greene, N. R.  2003, The Physics Teacher, 401, 409 
       % All about the candela and luminous intensity.



\bibitem[Greene(2004)]{greene2004}
         Greene, B. 2004, {The Fabric of the Cosmos}
         (New York:  Vintage Books), (Gre)
         % It seems an excellent popular book on 
         % where fundamental physics stood as of 2004.
         % Lots of string theory stuff. 



\bibitem[Greenstein(2005)]{greenstein2005}
         Greenstein, G., & Zajonc, A.G. 2005, {
         The Quantum Challenge, Second Edition : Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics}
         (Sudbury, Massachusetts:  Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.))
         See also 
         George Greenstein & Arthur G. Zajonc, 2005,
         The Quantum Challenge, Second Edition : Modern Research on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
         (Sudbury, Massachusetts:  Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.).



\bibitem[Grevesse \& Sauval(1998)]{grevesse1998}
   Grevesse, N., \& Sauval, A. J. 1998, Space Science Reviews, 85, 161
   %  
   % ADS reference.  Not available online at ADS, but at the
   % linked Springer site srcoll down a bit and a pdf version is
   % available on the right hand side. 
   % Directly, it's at
   % 
   % Springer.
   % Title:  Standard solar composition. 
   % Primordial solar nebular composition.
   % This is not the last word, but there is still some controversy,
   % and so were are waiting for the last word. 
   % I've some notes on this in my reference folder and 
   % a reprint in folder public_not.



\bibitem[Griffiths(2005)]{griffiths2005}
         Griffiths, D. J. 2005, {\it Introduction to Quantum Mechanics}
         (Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:  Pearson/Prentice Hall), (Gr)
         % Seems an excellent undergraduate quantum mechanics textbook.
         % But familiarity breed quibbles.



\bibitem[Griffiths(1999)]{griffiths1999}
         Griffiths, D. J. 1999, {\it Introduction to Electrodynamics}
         (Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:  Prentice Hall)
         % Seems an excellent undergraduate textbook.
         % Cuts out a lot of the bafflegab of older books.



\bibitem[Grinspoon(2004)]{grinspoon2004}  Grinspoon, D. 2004,
         Lonely Planets:  The Natural Philosophy of Alien Life
         (New York:  HarperCollins Publishers)
         % It grows on you.
         % Science book.  History book.
         % (Gr-???)



\bibitem[Grisswold(2007)]{grisswold2007} Griswold, E. 2007
        Wideawake Field
        (New York:   Farrar, Straus & Giroux)
        % Elizabeth Griswold.
        % The poetry of terrors of our time that leave me pretty much speechless. 
        % Rhyme with the most gentle of touch.
        % Reviewed sor-of the Washington Times:
        % 
        % review. 
        % Poetry book.



\bibitem[Grossman(2006)]{grossman2006} Grossman, E. 2006 
        High Tech Trash:  Digital Devices, Hidden Toxics, and Human Health
        (Washington, D.C.:  Island Press)
        % All about the poisons in e-junk. 
        % See the 
        % Science magazine review. 
        % Science book.




\bibitem[Guth(1972)]{guth1972} Guth, H. P. 1972,
        Concise English Handbook (Belmont, California:  Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc.)
        % A standard English handbook.  I just happen to own a copy.

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\bibitem[Hachisu(1991)]{hachisu91} Hachisu, I., Matsuda, T.,
          Nomoto, K., \&~Shigeyama, T. 1991, \apj, 368, L27
          % On Rayleigh-Taylor mixing and models for Ib/c's.




\bibitem[Hagen(1837)]{hagen1837} Hagen, Gotthilf 1837,
        Grundz\"uge der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung (Berlin:  D\"ummler)
% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthilf_Hagen
%       HAGEN, G. 1837, Grundzuege der Wahrscheinlichkeit-Rechnung. D¨ummler, Berlin.
%  https://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.ss/1009212248
%  Confirms 1837 for Hagen's derivation in a book for Hagen deriviation




\bibitem[Hall(1956)]{hall1956}
         Hall, A. R. 1956, The Scientific Revolution:  1500--1800
         (Boston:  The Beacon Press) 
         % I should read it again to fully assimilate it.
         % It's one of the books that 
         %  H. Floris Cohen
         % ``takes to task''.
         % History book.  Science Book.
         % HRW-???



\bibitem[Hall(1994)]{hall1994}
         Hall, M. B. 1994, The Scientific Renaissance:  1450--1630 
         (New York:  Dover Publications, Inc.) 
         % A reprint from 1962.   I should read it again to fully assimilate it.
         % History book.  Science Book.
        % HRW-???
% Hall, M. B. 1994, The Scientific Renaissance:  1450--1630.



\bibitem[Halliday et al.(2001)]{halliday2001}
         Halliday, D., Resnick, R., \&~Walker, J. 2001, 
         Fundamentals of Physics, 6th Edition
         (New York:  John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.), (HRW)
         % The old standby of intro physics books.
         % HRW-???



\bibitem[Hamann(1981)]{hamman1981}
         Hamann, W.-R. 1981, A\&A, 93, 353
         % 
         % Title:  Line formation in expanding atmospheres - On the validity of the Sobolev 
         % approximation.
         % Hamann shows that the Sobolev method can be systematically in error for
         % moving stellar atmospheres. 
         % But is criticisms of the line-coupling are out of date given the correct
         % line coupling formalisms of 
         % Olsen (1982) 
         % and
         % Bartunov & Mozgovoi (1987). 



\bibitem[Hamuy et al.(2002)]{hamuy2002}
        Hamuy, M., et al. 2002, AJ, 124, 417
        %
        % ADS reference.
        % 
        % ADS reference for the erratum which gives the Julian dates in Table 1.
        % Optical and Infrared Spectroscopy of SN 1999ee and SN 1999ex.
        % 99ee is a Ia.  99ex is Ibc.
        % 20 coauthors.



\bibitem[Hamuy et al.(2003)]{hamuy2003}
        Hamuy, M., et al. 2003, Nature, 424, 651 
        % 
        % ADS Reference
        % Title:   An asymptotic-giant-branch star in the progenitor system of a type Ia supernova.
        % Type Ia supernova SN2002ic, indicating the presence of large amounts of circumstellar material. 

 % \citep[e.g.,][p.~4]{handley2019}
\bibitem[Handley(2019)]{handley2019}
    Handley, W. 2019, arXiv:1908.09139
    % arXiv:1908.09139.
    % Title:  Curvature tension: evidence for a closed universe



\bibitem[Hanuschik \&~Dachs(1987)]{hanuschik1987}  Hanuschik, R. W., \&~Dachs, J. 1987,
         A\&A, 182, L29
        % the earliest Bochum event paper. It is by the Bochum group.



\bibitem[Harkness et al.(1987)]{harkness1987} Harkness, R. P., et al. 1987, \apj, 317, 355
       %  ADS reference.
       % On SN 1983N in NGC 5236 (M83) and SN 1984L Ib in NGC 991.
       % 11 coauthors.
       % The early spectral phase of type Ib supernovae - Evidence for helium.
       % These are the prototypes of the Ib's except for the 1954A which was
       % poorly observed by modern standards and only seen as an odd-ball until later recognized.



\bibitem[Harkness(1991)]{harkness1991} Harkness, R. P. 1991,
          in {ESO/EIPC Workshop:  SN~1987A
          and Other Supernovae,} ed.~I.~J.~Danziger \&~K.~Kj\"ar (Garching:  ESO), 447
           % Spectrum and light curve calculations with W7
           % more on Ia's, but no
           % mention of Ti;  but he does show that line and electron
           % opacity dominate from 1000 to 100000 A over pure absorption
           % opacity.
           % shows that expansion opacity causes the UV deficiency of Ia's.
           % Well he doesn't exactly say that the reheating drives the
           % luminosity from 4 days after the explosion and in fact I
           % I suspect it drives the luminosity from much earlier:
           % from hours after the explosion?  See p. 454.
           % Young et al. 1995 say it drives the whole thing which can't
           % be quite right.



\bibitem[Hartmann et  al.(1997)]{hartmann1997}  Hartmann, D. H., et al. 1997,
          Nuclear Physics A, 621, 83-91 
          % http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVB-3SPG08Y-23&_coverDate=08%2F04%2F1997&_alid=481267661&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_qd=1&_cdi=5530&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000053976&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1617289&md5=93fc6533b1e83099c3e56c5e033992ce 
          % Cas A dim because it was shrouded in a dust envelope that the SN shock destroyed.
          % Is suppose the UV flash at breakout is meant to have destroyed the dust. 
          % I've no idea if this paper's idea is favored or still current at all. 



\bibitem[Hartmann \& Impey(2002)]{hartmann(2002}
     Hartmann, W. K., \& Impey, C.  2002,
     Astronomy:  The Cosmic Journey, 6th Edition
     (Pacific Grove, California:  Brooks/Cole) (HI)
     % A soon to be dated book.  It is probably about the best
     % of the intro astro books that I've seen.  But, of course,
     % it doesn't have everything.   Annoyingly, it doesn't have
     % any color pictures.
     % (HI-???)




\bibitem[Harutyunyan et al.(2005)]{harutyunyan2005}
         Harutyunyan, A., Benetti, S., Cappellaro, E., \& Turatto, M. 2005, 
         in ASP Conf. Ser. 342,  1604--2004:  Supernovae as Cosmological
         Lighthouses, ed. M.~Turatto, S.~Benetti, L.~Zamperi, 
         \&~W.~Shea (San Francisco: ASP), 258 
         %
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Supernova Spectra Comparison Tool.
         % This must be the forerunner of what Avet discussed in Cefalu.
         % In any case it is the competition.
         % Nothing else on Avet's tool as of 2007jun10.



\bibitem[Hatano et al.(1999a)]{hatano1999a}  Hatano, K., Branch, D., Fisher, A.,
         Baron, E., \& Filippenko, A. V. 1999, \apj, 525, 881 
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  On the High-Velocity Ejecta of the Type IA Supernova SN 1994D. 
         % The original high-velocity features paper.  2-componets of Fe II and Ca II in SN 1994D Ia. 
         % They say above 20000 km/s and below 16000 km/s.




\bibitem[Hatano et al.(1999b)]{hatano1999b}  Hatano, K., Branch, D., Fisher, A.,
         Millard, J., \& Baron, E. 1999, ApJS, 121, 233
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Ion Signatures in Supernova Spectra. 
         % Useful plots of reference line Sobolev optical depths for characteristic SN conditions
         % and compositions and plots of single ion spectra for characteristic SN conditions. 



\bibitem[Hauschildt \&~Baron(1999)]{hauschildt1999}  Hauschildt, P. H., \&~Baron, E. 1999,
         J.~Comp.~Applied Math., 109, 41, arXiv:astro-ph/9808182
         % Title:   Numerical Solution of the Expanding Stellar Atmosphere Problem.
         % A good PHOENIX reference with references therein reference.
         % It only seems available online at 
      % http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9808182.



\bibitem[Hauschildt \&~Baron(2005)]{hauschildt2005}  Hauschildt, P. H., \&~Baron, E. 2005,
         Mitteilungen der Mathematischen Gesellschaft in Hamburg, 24, 63 
         % See 
         % Mitteilungen der Mathematischen Gesellschaft in Hamburg, but the paper 
         % isn't online.
         % http://www.math.uni-hamburg.de/math/mathges/zeitschrift/Band24-Inhalt.html 
         % for the contents.
         % Title:  Numerical Solution of the Expanding Stellar Atmosphere Problem.
         % A good PHOENIX reference with references therein reference.
         % The only trouble is that that there is no way to get a hold of a copy.



     Hauschildt, P. H., \&~Baron, E.  2006, A\&A, 451, 273
     %ADS reference.
     % Title:  A 3D radiative transfer framework: I. non-local operator splitting 
     % and continuum scattering problems.
     % The formalism for 3-d PHOENIX.  They've made a lot of progress since 2006.



\bibitem[Hauschildt et al.(1996)]{hauschildt1996}  
         Hauschildt, P. H., Baron, E., Starrfield, S., \& Allard, F.  1996,
         \apj, 462, 386
         %
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  The Effects of Fe II Non-LTE on Nova Atmospheres and Spectra.
         % This is the PHOENIX Fe II model paper.
         % 617 levels and 13675 lines in the NLTE formalism.



\bibitem[Hecht \& Zajac(1976)]{hecht1976}  Hecht, E., & Zajac, A.  1976,
         Optics (Menlo Park, California:  Addison-Wesley Publishing Company), 
         (HZ)
         % Dated now, but still full of good stuff.



\bibitem[Heilbroner(1964)]{heilbroner1964} Heilbroner, R. L. 1964,
        The Worldly Philosophers (New York:  Simon and Schuster)
        % Robert L. Heilbroner (1919--2005)
        % (Wikipedia).
        % Probably should re-read it since I can't remember much of what it said.
        % History book.  Biography book.



\bibitem[Heisenberg(2009)]{heisenberg2009} 
        Heisenberg, M. 2009, Nature, 459, 164
        % http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v459/n7244/full/459164a.html
        % Title:  Is free will an illusion?
        % He seems to say that quantum probabilism affects thought 
        % http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heisenberg Martin Heisenberg
        % son of the Heisenberg.



\bibitem[Hernandez et al.(2000)]{hernandez2000}  
         Hernandez, M., et al. 2000, MNRAS, 319, 223
         %
         % ADS Reference.
         % 26 coauthors
         % Title:  An early-time infrared and optical study of the Type Ia Supernova 1998bu in M96. 



\bibitem[Hicken et al.(2007)]{hicken2007} 
        Hicken, M., Garnavich, P. M., Prieto, J. L., Blondin, S., DePoy, D. L., 
        Kirshner, R. P., \&~Parrent, J. 2007, ApJ, 669, L17
        %ADS reference.
        % Title:  The Luminous and Carbon-rich Supernova 2006gz: A Double Degenerate Merger?
        % Spectra and light curves of SN 2006gz show the strongest signature of unburned carbon 
        % and one of the slowest fading light curves ever seen in a Type Ia event [?m15(B)=0.69+/-0.04]. 
        % The early-time Si II velocity is low, implying it was slowed by an envelope of 
        % unburned material. Our best estimate of the luminosity implies MV=-19.74 
        % and the production of ~1.2 Msolar of 56Ni. This suggests a super-Chandrasekhar mass progenitor. 
        % A double degenerate merger is consistent with these observations.



\bibitem[Hillebrandt et al.(2007)]{hillebrandt}
         Hillebrandt, W., Sim, S. A., \& R\"opke, F. K. 2007, A\&A, in press, astro-ph/0702344
         %
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Off-center explosions of Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarfs: an explanation 
         % of super-bright type Ia supernovae?
         % Dissenters from the super-Chan idea for SN 2003fg.
         % Still in press as of 2007mar13.



\bibitem[Hirata et al.(1987)]{hirata1987}  Hirata, K., et al. 1987,
          Phys. Rev. Letters, 58, 1490
              % One of the two 87A neutrino burst discovery papers.  K. Hirata was a junior
              % member of the team who just happened to alphabetically
              % first among the Japanese contigent.
              % I met her somewhere way back when 1987A was young.
              % But she's not on the list at Les Houches, Santa Cruz,
              % or Elba.  I thought it was at Les Houches, but then
              % I thought Mario Livio introduced her and he wasn't at
              % Les Houches.
              % There are about 22 coauthors.  Other than KH, the only one I know at all is Al Mann.
              % I've at least met him.



\bibitem[Herrero \&~Najarro(2005)]{herrero2005}  Herrero, A., \&~Najarro, F. 2005,
          in Proceedings of "Massive Stars and High-Energy Emission in OB Associations", 
          ed. G. Rauw, Y. Naz\'e, R. Blomme, \&~E. Gosset
          (Li\`ege:  JENAM), 21  
% 
          % ADS Reference
          % Title: Parameters of massive stars in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies.
          % We present in this contribution a review of recent results of parameters of massive OB stars in 
          % the Milky Way, the Magellanic Clouds and nearby spirals. The review is timely because of the strong lowering 
          % of the temperature scale of Galactic OB stars produced by the new model atmospheres, including sphericity, 
          % blanketing and mass-loss, that are also discussed, and because of the boost suffered by extragalactic 
          % stellar physics in the last years. The effects on the determination of mass-loss and the Modified Wind 
          % Momentum-Luminosity Relationship are discussed, and a comparison with evolutionary models is provided. 
          % We finally present a comparison of abundances from OB stars and H II regions in Orion and M 33.




\bibitem[H{\"o}flich(1991)]{hoeflich1991} H\"oflich, P. 1991, \aap, 246, 481
         % Monte Carlo calculations for axial symmetric, scattering
         % dominated photospheres have been performed in order to study systematically
         % the effects due to the direction dependent luminosity and to reinvestigate
         % the continuum polarization in SN 1987A (M\'endez et al.  1988). We found that
         % the optical depth and the occultation effects are important for the
         % interpretation of the observed polarization, and that the differences
         % between the electron and the density profile are substantial for the
         % understanding of the observed time dependence of the linear polarization
         % in SN 1987A. The observed polarization can be well
         % understood by prolate or oblate ellipsoids (a/b = 0.9 or 1.2) if
         % SN 1987A is seen at an inclination angle of less than 56^deg^ with a
         % most probable value of about 40^deg^.



\bibitem[H\"oflich(1995)]{hoeflich1995}
            H\"oflich, P. 1995, ApJ, 440, 821
            % on SN~1993J polarization
            % using model Monte Carlo calculations.



\bibitem[H\"oflich(1995b)]{hoeflich1995b}
         H\"oflich, P. 1995, ApJ, 443, 89 
         % 
         % ADS reference.  
         % Title:  Analysis of the type IA supernova SN 1994D.
         % The M series of delayed-detonation models were newly introduced in this paper.
         % On p. 103, Peter says m36 is the best of the lot for 94D.
         % Note on p. 98, Fig. 10, that density and gamma-ray energy-deposition have their
         % line types interchanged. 
         % On p. 90, Peter says the M series don't have exponential density profiles with velocity/distance, 
         % but m36 does as Figure 10 shows when the correct curve is identified as density. 
         % On p. 104, Peter refers to Jeffery et al. (1994), but I think he means Kirshner et al (1993)
         % and I think he means 1992A instead of 1994A. 



\bibitem[H\"oflich(2005)]{hoeflich2005}
            H\"oflich, P. 2005, Ap\&SS, 298, 87 
            %  
            % ADS Reference, but it just gives an abstract.
            % Title:  Radiation Hydrodynamics in Supernovae.
            % This must be Peter's current NLTE radtran code HYDRA.  It's not a Monte Carlo code, except
            % maybe for gamma-ray deposition. 
            % No astro-ph version.  Maybe ApSS doesn't allow any eprints since it's a for profit,
            % no-page charge paper.
            % I'll have to ask Peter for a reprint by golly.



\bibitem[H\"oflich et al.(2002)]{hoeflich2002}
            H\"oflich, P., Gerardy, C. L., Fesen, R. A., \& Sakai, S. 2002, \apj, 568, 791 
            % 
            % ADS Reference.
            % Title:  Infrared Spectra of the Subluminous Type Ia Supernova SN 1999by 
            % This is also reference for HYDRA.
            % Also a reference for delayed-detonation model 5p028z22.25 which may be Peter's
            % current fiducial Ia model.



\bibitem[H{\"o}flich \& Khokhlov(1996)]{hoeflich1996} H\"oflich, P.,
         \&~Khokhlov, A. 1996, \apj, 457, 500   
         % The most extensive of the old SN~Ia lightcurve papers.
         % Shows that alpha for models that work for some Ia or another
         % range from .71 to 1.46.
         % But almost all of the rise times are too short which shows
         % that we don't know which alpha to choose.
         % No correlation with Ni-56.
         % Maybe a correlation with risetime, but its complex and maybe phoney. 



\bibitem[H\"oflich(1992)]{hoeflich1992}
         H\"oflich, P., Khokhlov, A., \&~M\"uller, E. 1992, A\&A, 259, 549.
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Gamma-ray light curves and spectra for Type IA supernovae 
         % Gamma-ray light curves, spectra, and deposition functions
         % for their models calculated using a Monte Carlo code.
         % A pretty detailed treatment.



\bibitem[H\"oflich et al.(2001)]{hoeflich2001}
          H\"oflich, P.,  Khokhlov, A., \& Wang, L., 2001, in
          20th Texas Conference on Relativistic Astrophysics,
          ed. J. Craig Wheeler \& Hugo Martel
          (New York:  AIP), 459,  astro-ph/0104025
          % Bipolar Jet paper.  Good summary of their impressive work.
          % Title:  Aspherical Supernova Explosions: Hydrodynamics, 
          % Radiation Transport and Observational Consequences (Plenary Talk)
          % Latest in the series of bipolar jet explosion model papers.
          % Low velocity jets seem best, but since the jets are pretty
          % parameterized I bet they could get out a relatively high
          % velocity squirt and leave essentially a spherical model
          % behind.



\bibitem[H\"oflich et al.(1999)]{hoeflich1999}
              H\"oflich, P., Wheeler, J. C., \&~Wang, L. 1999, ApJ, 521, 179 %, astro-ph/9808086
             % Aspherical explosion models for SN 1998bw/GRB980425
             % using among other things Monte Carlo calculations
             % for asymmetrical supernova light curves.
             % "Aspherical Explosion Models for SN 1998BW/GRB-980425"
             % astro-ph/9808086"


\bibitem[H{\"o}flich et al.(1996)]{hoeflich1996} H\"oflich, P.,
         Wheeler, J. C., Hines, D. C., \&~Trammell, S. R. 1996, \apj, 459, 307
         % Synthetic polarization and flux spectra are presented for aspherical,
         % electron scattering ominated photospheres of Type II supernovae (SN II's)
         % in general and the specific case of SN 1993J. Monte Carlo calculations
         % are based on the following assumptions: (1) ellipsoidal envelopes with
         % power-law density profiles; (2) level population given by local
         % thermodynamical equilibrium (LTE); (3) pure electron scattering for continuum
         % opacities; (4) lines treated in a Sobolev approximation with an
         % assumed constant thermalization fraction; (5) line transitions result
         % in depolarization; and (6) the temperature structure is given by a gray
         % extended atmosphere.


\bibitem[H{\"o}flich et al.(1998)]{hoeflich1998} H\"oflich, P.,
         Wheeler, J. C., \&~Thielemann, F.-K. 1998, \apj, 495, 617 
         % Initial composition influence on Ia nucleosynthesis, lightcurves, spectra.
         % Gives detailed composition and composition vs velocity.



\bibitem[Hofstadter(2007)]{hofstadter2007}
         Hofstadter, D. 2007,
         I Am a Strange Loop (New York:  Basic Books)
         % Douglas Hofstadter of ``Goedel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid''
         % has another go at consciousness.
         % Well reviewed in Science:
         % review.
         % Science book.




\bibitem[Hodgman(1959)]{hodgeman1959} Hodgman, C. D. 1959,
        C.R.C. Standard Mathematical Tables (Cleveland, Ohio:  Chemical Rubber Publishing Company)
        % A useful set of mathametical tables and I own a copy. 



\bibitem[Hopf(1934)]{hopf1934} Hopf, E. 1934,
        Mathematical Problems in Radiative Equilibrium,
        Cambridge Mathematical Tract No. 31
        % Published Cambridge, England in 1934, but it's hard to
        % figure out what is exactly. 
        % He gives the exact formula for the gray atmosphere limb-darkening
        % law for the 2nd time according to \cite{placzek1947} and the first 
        % according to \citet{chandrasekhar1944}.  I'll trust Placzek.



\bibitem[Houck \&~Fransson(1994)]{houck1994}
     Houck, J. C., \&~Fransson, C.  1994,
     American Astronomical Society, 185th AAS Meeting, #79.07; Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol.~26, p.~1444 
     % 
     % ADS reference.
     % Analysis of the Late Spectra of SN 1993J (IIb) and SN 1994I (Ic).



\bibitem[Houck \&~Frannson(1996)]{houck1996}
    Houck, J. C., \&~Fransson, C.  1996, \apj, 456, 811
    % 
     % ADS reference.
     % Analysis of the Late Optical Spectra of SN 1993J



\bibitem[Howell et al.(2001)]{howell2001} Howell, D. A., H\"oflich, P.,
    Wang, L., \&~Wheeler, J. C. 2001, \apj, 556, 302 %, astro-ph/0101520
    % Subluminous SN 1999by Ia had intrinsic polarization.
    % Inferred ellipsoidal-like asymmetry 20 %.
    % I was the referee it seems, but I can't remember this paper at all.




\bibitem[Howell \& Nugent(2004)]{howell2004} Howell, D. A., \& Nugent, P.
    2004, Cosmic Explosions in Three Dimensions:  Asymmetries in Supernovae and Gamma-ray Bursts 
    ed.~P. H\"oflich, P. Kumar, \& J. C. Wheeler 
    (Cambridge, UK:  Cambridge University Press), 151
    % 
    % ADS reference.  But no online version there.  Nothing at astro-ph it seems.
    % Title:  Broad lightcurve SNe Ia: asymmetry or something else?
    % A reference for SNe Ia  SN 1994ae, SN 1999aw, and SN 2001ay among other things.




\bibitem[Howell et al.(2006)]{howell2006} Howell, D. A., et al. 2006,
    Nature, 443, 308 
    % This is 2006sep21 issue.
    % 17 coauthors and 8 is the apj limit.
    % Super-Chandrasekhar mass Type Ia SN 2003fg
    % Pretty convincing for super-Chandrasekhar.



\bibitem[Hoyle \& Fowler(1960)]{hoyle1960}
         Hoyle, F., \&~Fowler, W. A. 1960, ApJ, 132, 565
         % According to WW in Les Houches (p.106) this was the seminal paper
         % on WDs as Ia progenitors.



\bibitem[Hubeny \& Lanz(1992)]{hubeny1992} Hubeny, I., \& Lanz, T. 1992, A\&A, 262, 501 
        % Hubeny & Lanz
        % Title:  Accelerated complete-linearization method for calculating NLTE model stellar atmospheres.
        % From p. 504 on, a discussion of the Ng acceleration with a reference back to
        %  Olson, Auer, & Buchler.



\bibitem[Hubeny(2003)]{hubeny2003} Hubeny, I. 2003, 
        in Stellar Atmosphere Modeling, ASP Conference Series, Vol. 288
        ed.~Ivan Hubeny, Dimitri Mihalas, \&~Klaus Werner
        (San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific), 17
        % Title:  Accelerated Lambda Iteration: An Overview.
        % abstract
        % pdf


 \citep[e.g.,][p.~411ff]{hubeny2015}
\bibitem[Hubeny(2015)]{hubeny2015} Hubeny, I., \& Mihalas, D. 2015, Theory of Stellar Atmospheres,
        (Princeton, New Jersey:  Princeton University Press)
        % The new radiative transfer bible:  now a bit dated.
        % (Hu-21--22)
        %  effective temperature, radius, blackbody radiator



\bibitem[Huizinga(1954)]{huizinga1954} Huizinga, J. 1954,
        The Waning of the Middle Ages (Garden City, New York: Doubleday Anchor Books)
        % Johan Huizinga's famous study of the lingering of the medieval
        % mind well into the 14th and 15th centuries. 
        % It's mostly about France and mostly forgets other European countries. 
        % Some parts I like a lot, but there are longueurs. 
        % History book.



 % \citep{hummer1985}
\bibitem[Hummer \& Rybicki(1985)]{hummer1985}
         Hummer, D. G., \&~Rybicki, G. B. 1985, ApJ, 293, 258.
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  The Sobolev approximation for line formation with continuous opacity.
         % HR say it's pretty nifty.
         % But it's impenetrable and turned out to be sterile.  No one much has
         % used it. 


  & \citep{{hummer1992}
\bibitem[Hummer \& Rybicki(1992)]{hummer1992}
         Hummer, D. G., \&~Rybicki, G. B. 1992, ApJ, 387, 248
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  The Sobolev approximation for line formation with partial frequency redistribution.
         % The happiest conclusion is the CRD is probably good for the frequency-weighted
         % mean intensity that enters the rate equations. 



\bibitem[Hudson \& Lipka(1946)]{hud1946} 
            Hudson, R. G., \& Lipka, J. 1946,
            A Table of Integrals  
     (New York:  John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.) (HL)
     % HL-8




\bibitem[Huo(1992)]{huo1992} Huo, J. 1992, 
            Nuclear Data Sheets, 67, 523.
            % all about isobars of atomic mass 56,
            % especially Ni56 and Co56.
            % An update of Huo~\etal 1987.


  % \citealt{{hutsemekers1993}
\bibitem[Hutsem\'ekers(1993)]{hutsemekers1993} Hutsem\'ekers, D. 1993, \apj, 417, 97
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Formation of P Cygni Line Profiles in Relativistically Expanding 
        % Atmospheres. II. The Effect of the Continuum Frequency Shape and Limb Darkening of the Core
        % a second paper on the relativistic Sobolev method with
        % some new formalism for continuum variation and limb
        % darkening of the core.  Numerical results also.



\bibitem[Hutsem\'ekers \& Surdej(1990)]{hutsemekers1990} Hutsem\'ekers, D., \&~Surdej, J.
      1990, \apj, 361, 367
      % 
      % ADS reference.
      % Title:  Formation of P Cygni line profiles in relativistically expanding atmospheres.
      % The Sobolev method generalized for special relativistic effects of all degrees. 
      %  

(return to top)


I



\bibitem[INES(2000)]{ines2000} INES ({\it IUE} Newly Extracted Spectra) 2000,
        The INES Archive Data Server, Version 3.0:  {\it IUE} Final Archive (Villafranca del Castillo, Spain:
        Laboratory for Space Astrophysics and Theoretical Physics),
        http://iuearc.vilspa.esa.es/ines/index2.html
        % 
        % The INES Archive Data Server, Version 3.0:  {\it IUE} Final Archive.
        % Version 3.0 from 2000.
        % I've tried my best for a proper ApJ reference
        % A great IUE observations.
        % They want a special acknowledgement for using their resource.
        % But if everyone wanted that the acknowledgements would go on forever like movie credits.
        % They've done a wonderful job and they get a reference and a brownie point.  It has to do.



\bibitem[Isaksson(2010)]{isaksson2010}
    Isaksson  2010, Library and Information Services in Astronomy VI, ASP Conference Proceedings, in press
    % ADS reference.
    % arXiv reference.
    % Title:  E-accessible Astronomy Resources
    % Improving online access for folks with disabilities.



\bibitem[Iwamoto et al.(1994)]{iwamoto1994}
    Iwamoto, K., Nomoto, K., H\"oflich, P., Yamaoka, H., Kumagai, S., \&~Shigeyama, T.  1994, \apj, 437, L115 
    % 
    % ADS reference.
    % Theoretical light curves for the type IC supernova SN 1994I (in M51).
    % They don't give the dates of maxima! 



\bibitem[Iwamoto et al.(1998)]{iwamoto1998} 
    Iwamoto, K., et al. 1998, Nature, 395, 672 
    % 
    % ADS reference.
    % About 27 coauthors.  Paolo's 2nd author.
    % A hypernova model for the supernova associated with the gamma-ray burst of 25 April 1998.
    % SN 1998bw Ic_hypernova.


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J



\bibitem[Jackson(1975)]{jackson1975} Jackson, J. D. 1975 
        Classical Electrodynamics 
        (New York:  John Wiley \& Sons)
        % The 2nd edition of this hoary classic.




\bibitem[James(2007)]{jamesd2007} James, C. 2007
        Cultural Amnesia 
        (New York:  W.W. Norton & Company)
        % In which Clive James plays Rhadamanthus to
        % almost all significant (and not so significant)
        % cultural beings of our times and bit earlier.
        % Literary book.  History book.  Biography book.



\bibitem[Jeffery(2002)]{jefferycs2002}
         Jeffery, C. S. 2002, The Observatory, 122, 226
         % Cousin Simon's review of 
         % Peraiah (2002).
         % It's very favorable review.   

jefferyd



\bibitem[Jeffery(1983)]{jeffery1983}
         Jeffery, D. J. 1983, M.Sc. thesis, McMaster University
         % The Ia explosion models with chan-wolf-sofia mixing-length formula.



\bibitem[Jeffery(1987)]{jeffery1987}
         Jeffery, D. J. 1987, Nature, 329, 419
         % My first 87A polarization paper.  Mostly wrong except for the conclusion.



\bibitem[Jeffery(1988)]{jeffery1988}
         Jeffery, D. J. 1988, Ph.D. thesis, McMaster University 
         % Sobolev-polarization method I (SPMI).


 % \citep{jeffery1989,1990}
\bibitem[Jeffery(1989)]{jeffery1989} Jeffery, D. J.  1989, \apjs, 71, 951
    % SPMII:  The Sobolev-P Method II paper.
    % The formation of the inverse-P Cygni polarization profile is explained 
    % with Figures 9 and 10.  Polarization maximum across the trough and
    % minimum with the emission feature.
    % Those figures actual show Stokes Q parameter not polarization.
    % So you have to mentally take the absolute value to get polarization.
    % In this case, electron scattering in the asymmetric limb gives a polarized
    % component to the continuum.
    % The line absorption removes unpolarized light and the emission adds unpolarized
    % light and hence the inverse-P Cygni line.
    % The jet-model also gives and inverse-P Cygni polarization line, but by a somewhat
    % different process.
    % Jeffery 1989


 % \citep{jeffery1989,1990}
\bibitem[Jeffery(1990)]{jeffery1990} Jeffery, D. J. 1990, ApJ, 352, 267
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  The Sobolev-P method. III - The Sobolev-P method generalized 
         % for three-dimensional systems
         % (SPMIII).  I made it 3-d because it could be done.
         % It set the record for most ApJ equations.
         % Jeffery 1990



\bibitem[Jeffery(1991a)]{jeffery1991a}
            Jeffery, D. J. 1991a, in {ESO/EIPC Workshop:  SN~1987A
            and other Supernovae,} ed.~I.~J.~Danziger \&~K.~Kj\"ar (Garching:  ESO), 257
            % An analysis of 87A polarimetry



\bibitem[Jeffery(1991b)]{jeffery1991b} Jeffery, D. J. 1991b, \apj, 375, 264
      % SN 1987A polarimetry analysis.
      % Also my earliest (?) clear statement of the standard P Cygni
      % polarization profile on p. 275.
      % This paper came out in July;  the catalog came out in November



\bibitem[Jeffery(1991c)]{jeffery1991c} Jeffery, D. J.  1991b, \apjs, 77, 405
     % SN 1987A polarimetry catalog corrected for ISP using
     % the private communication of M\'endez which has never been
     % published and I bloody well hope is right.



 \citep[e.g.,][]{jeffery1993}
\bibitem[Jeffery(1993)]{jeffery1993} Jeffery, D. J.  1993, \apj, 415, 734
    % 
    % ADS reference.
    % Title:  The Relativistic Sobolev Method Applied to Homologously Expanding Atmospheres.
    % See section 3 for my proof that photons always redshift in the
    % comoving frame no matter what the degree of special relativistic effects.


 \citep[e.g.,][]{jeffery1995}
\bibitem[Jeffery(1995)]{jeffery1995} Jeffery, D. J.  1995, \apj, 440, 810
     %  
     % ADS reference.
     % Relativistic Sobolev optical depth formula with time dependence.


  % \citealt{jeffery1995b}
\bibitem[Jeffery(1995b)]{jeffery1995b} Jeffery, D. J. 1995b, A\&A, 299, 770
             % the Sobolev expansion opacity paper.
             % The paper appeared in July 1995.
             % Jeffery 1995b.



\bibitem[Jeffery(1998)]{jeffery1998} Jeffery, D. J. 1998, 
             in Stellar Evolution, Stellar Explosions, and Galactic Chemical Evolution:
             Proc. Second Oak Ridge Symposium on Atomic \&~Nuclear Astrophysics, 
             ed.~A.~Mezzacappa
             (Bristol:  Institute of Physics Publishing), 65, astro-ph/9802229
             % the shorter LS grey $\gamma$-ray transfer procedure
             % for supernovae.
             % Tony is the one and only editor and he only uses
             % one initial.


\bibitem[Jeffery(1998)]{jeffery1998} Jeffery, D. J. 1998, astro-ph/9811356
 Jeffery, D. J. 1998, astro-ph/9811356
             % the longer LS grey $\gamma$-ray transfer procedure
             % for supernovae.
             % Effectively rejected A\&SS, but just for being
             % prolix and (in the referee's opinion) worthless.
             % But the referee did not say anything was wrong.
             % So unpublished rather than preprint is best.
             % The later implies eventual publication which
             % may not be forthcoming.
             % There is a good review of radioactive decay energy 
             % quantities in Section 5.



\bibitem[Jeffery(1999)]{jeffery1999} Jeffery, D. J. 1999, astro-ph/9907015  %\citep[e.g.,][]{jeffery1999}
     %Jeffery, D. J. 1999, astro-ph/9907015.
     %Jeffery, D. J. 1999, astro-ph/9907015.
         % Title:  Radioactive Decay Energy Deposition in Supernovae and 
         %   the Exponential/Quasi-Exponential Behavior of Late-Time Supernova Light Curves.
         % The quasi-exponential lightcurve paper.
         % It gives the exponential density profile expressions for mass, energy, etc.
         % The paper on radioactive decay energy deposition in supernovae
         % and the exponential/quasi-exponential behavior of late-time
         % supernova light curves.
         % The exponential supernova model is developed in formulae in Appendix A.



\bibitem[Jeffery(2004)]{jeffery2004} Jeffery, D. J.  2004, astro-ph/0406440 
       % A Simple Bipolar Jet Model 
       % for the Polarization of Core-Collapse Supernovae
       % The bipolar jet model.  It was never published other than at astro-ph. 
       % In this model the supernova is spherically symmetric, but some light is
       % reflected off a fast jet and added to the direct unpolarized light from the
       % supernova.
       % The polarization would be constant if there were no extra redshift.
       % But the reflection gives an extra redshift and so the redshifted reflected spectrum
       % which is highly polarized is added offset to the direct spectrum and the polarization
       % varies with wavelength with a strong tendency to maxima at the line troughs.
       % So one again gets the inverse P~Cygni line polarization profile. 



\bibitem[Jeffery(2008)]{jeffery2008b} Jeffery, D. J.  2008, in preparation
     % 
     % A Study of Energy Deposition Estimators for Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer\
     % No matter what the time order or list order, this is much the less important paper of 2006.
     % So it is jeffery 2006b no matter what.




\bibitem[Jeffery \&~Baron(2008c)]{jeffery2008d}
              Jeffery, D. J., \&~Baron, E. 2008d, in prepartion
              % Monte Carlo rate equation solution.



\bibitem[Jeffery \&~Branch(1990)]{jeffery1990b}
         Jeffery, D. J., \&~Branch, D. 1990, in Jerusalem Winter
         School for Theoretical Physics, Vol.~6, Supernovae,
         ed.~J.~C.~Wheeler, T.~Piran, \&~S.~Weinberg (Singapore:  World Scientific), 149
         % Sobolev method, model supernova,
         % demonstration calculations, and 87A analysis.
         % The demonstration calculations are really the useful part of this article.




\bibitem[Jeffery et al.(2006)]{jeffery2006}
        Jeffery, D. J., Branch, D., \&~Baron, E. 2006, arXiv:astro-ph/0609804v3 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  On SN 2003fg: The Probable Super-Chandrasekhar-Mass SN Ia 
        % The super-chandrasekhar-mass supernova Ia SN 2003fg.  
        % It probably has a mass of 2 solar masses. 
        % Exponential density profile results are given in section 15.



\bibitem[Jeffery et al.(2008)]{jeffery2008d} Jeffery, D. J., Branch, D., \& Baron, E.
         2008, in preparation
         % Title:  Locally Normalizing and Comparing Supernova Spectra with the DIFF Package.



\bibitem[Jeffery et al.(1991)]{jeffery1991}
        Jeffery, D. J., Branch, D., Filippenko, A. V., \& Nomoto, K. 1991, ApJ, 377, L89
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % The near-maximum-light spectrum of the type IC supernova 1987M.


 % \citep[][]{jeffery2007a}
\bibitem[Jeffery et al.(2007)]{jeffery2007a} Jeffery, D. J., Ketchum, W., Branch, D., Baron, E., 
         Elmhamdi, A., \&~Danziger, I. J.
         2007, ApJS, 171, 493, arXiv:astro-ph/0607084v3 
         % 
         % Goodness-of-Fit Tests DIFF1 and DIFF2 for Locally-Normalized Supernova Spectra.
         % Local normalization and DIFF1/2.



\bibitem[Jeffery et al.(1998)]{jeffery1998}
         Jeffery, D. J., Krstic, P. S., Liu, W., Schultz, D. R., \& Stancil, P. C.
         1998, in Proceedings of the NASA Laboratory Space Science Workshop,
         Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 1998 April 1--3,
         Local Organizing Committee: W. H. Parkinson, Kate Kirby, \& Peter L. Smith, 101 
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Atomic and Molecular Physics and Data Activities for Astrophysics 
         % at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
         % This is the most measly of my publications.  I'm only first author for
         % alphabetic reasons.  David Schultz wrote the whole thing before I saw it
         % and my contribution was only David Schultz gleaned from my activities.
         % An pdf file of this enthralling paper is 
         % here. 
         % This paper may exist no where else now. 


  % \citep[][p.~308]{jeffery1992} for exponential spherical grey temperature
\bibitem[Jeffery et al.(1992)]{jeffery1992}   % \citep[e.g.,][p.~307]{jeffery1992} for exponential density profile
        Jeffery, D. J., Leibundgut, B., Kirshner, R. P., Benetti, S.,
        Branch, D., \&~Sonneborn, G. 1992, \apj, 397, 304
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Analysis of the photospheric epoch spectra of type 1a supernovae SN 1990N and SN 1991T.
        % The 90N/91T paper.
        % Some useful analytic results are given for the exponential supernova model such as the
        % electron photospheric time as a function electron photospheric
        % velocity and the exponential spherical gray atmosphere temperature run.
        % I do tentatively identify C II lines.


 %  \citep[][]{jeffery2007b}
\bibitem[Jeffery \&~Mazzali(2007)]{jeffery2007b}
        Jeffery, D. J., \&~Mazzali, P. A. 2007,
        in The Multicoloured Landscape of Compact Objects and their Explosive Origins,
        AIP Conf.~Pro.~924, Vol.~1
        Cefal\`u, Sicily, 2006 June 11---24, ed.~L.~A.~Antonelli et al.
        (Melville, New York:  American Institute of Physics), 401, arXiv:astro-ph/0611002v1 
        % ADS reference.
        % http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0611002
        % Title:  Giant Steps.
        % A Technique for Accelerating Monte Carlo
        % Radiative Transfer in Optically Thick Atmospheres
        % \citep{min2009} use \citep{fleck1984}
        %  \bibitem[Fleck \& Canfield(1984)]{fleck1984} for the diffusion approximation accleration




  % \citep[][]{jeffery2008}
\bibitem[Jeffery(2008)]{jeffery2008} 
        Jeffery, D. J. 2008, 
        in preparation % \apjs, submitted  % actually in prep, but soon submitted. 
        % Title:  Giant Steps:  A Technique for Accelerating Monte Carlo 
        % Radiative Transfer in Optically Thick Atmospheres
        % Never finished



\bibitem[Jeffery  \&~Sutherland(1985)]{jeffery1985}
       Jeffery, D. J., \&~Sutherland, P. G. 1985, Ap\&SS, 109, 277
       % Ia explosions with the chan-wolf-sofia mixing length formula.  Based on my M.Sc. thesis. 



\bibitem[Jeffery et al.(1994)]{jeffery1994} Jeffery, D. J., et al. 1994, \apj, 421, L27
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % 13 coauthors.
        % A Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet spectrum of SN 1993J in M81.
        % 1993apr15 spectrum.



\bibitem[Jeffreys(1961)]{jeffreys1961} Jeffreys, H. 1961,
        Theory of Probability (Oxford: Clarendon Press)
        % Old bible of Bayesian analysis



\bibitem[Jha et al.(2006)]{jha2006a}
        Jha, S., Branch, D., Chornock, R., Foley, R. J., Li, W. D., Swift, B. J., Casebeer, D., 
        \& Filippenko, A. V. 2006, AJ, 132, 189
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % 8 coauthors.
        % Title:  Late-Time Spectroscopy of SN 2002cx: The Prototype of a New Subclass of Type Ia Supernovae.
        % This it the subtype that may not be related to the others closely, but then
        % again maybe it is.



\bibitem[Jha et al.(1999)]{jha1999}
        Jha, S., et al. 1999, ApJS, 125, 73
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % infinite coauthors 
        % Title:  The Type IA Supernova 1998BU in M96 and the Hubble Constant.
        % The reference for the CfA supernova archive 98bu spectra.



\bibitem[Jha et al.(2006)]{jha2006}
        Jha, S., et al. 2006, AJ, 131, 527 
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % infinite coauthors
        % Title:  UBVRI Light Curves of 44 Type Ia Supernovae. 
        % The reference for the CfA supernova archive photometry on
        % SN 2000cx  (not SN 2002cx)
        % SN 1999aa
        % On p. 549, they give the Bmaximum dates in HJD.
        % HJD is heliocentric Julian Date which is something like (but maybe not
        % exactly) Julian Date on the Sun for signals.  In other words the
        % light travel time difference is dealt with.  From the Sun to the
        % Earth, the light time travel distance is 1.5*10**13/(3*10**10)=500 s = 8 minutes.
        % But angles and so make it more complicated that than this.
        % See 
        % HJD reference.
        % In Supernova work, it's pretty finicky.


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K



\bibitem[Kaempfer(1965)]{kaempfer1965}
         Kaempfer, F. A. 1965, {\it Concepts in Quantum Mechanics}
         (New York:  Academic Press)
         % An oldy that has different way of presenting intro quantum,
         % but is really too advanced and to remote from modern
         % ways.  But probably a perspective that must be understood
         % by a real quantum expert.
         % see http://statintquant.net/siq/html/stader/staderli1.html for referenct to


\bibitem[Kaku(1993)]{kaku1993} Kaku, M. 1993,
        Quantum Field Theory:  A Modern Introduction
        (New York:  Oxford University Press)
        % AKA Kato


\bibitem[Karovska et al.(1989)]{karovska1989}
         Karovska, M., Koechlin, L., Nisenson, P., Papaliolios, C.,
         \&~Standley, C. 1989, \apj, 340, 435
         % Speckle interferometry imaging of SN 1987A

    % \citealt{karp1977}
\bibitem[Karp et al.(1977)]{karp1977}  Karp, A. H., Lasher, G., Chan, K. L.,
             \&~Salpeter, E. E. 1977, \apj, 214, 161
              % the expansion opacity paper.


\bibitem[Karzas \& Latter(1961)]{karzas1961}
         Karzas, W. J., \& Latter, R. 1961, ApJ, 6, 167
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Electron Radiative Transitions in a Coulomb Field.
         % Probably most important for old results on free-free transitions. 
         % I've some notes on this in the reference folder.



\bibitem[Kasen(2006b)]{kasen2006b} Kasen, D. 2006, in preparation
        % Dan's grand project to present vast collection radiative transfer histories 
        % for a vast collection of Ia models.  The radtran is calculated with his 3d Monte Carlo code.
        % He's discussed this publicly, and so one can certainly reference it as in preparation. 



\bibitem[Kasen et al.(2002)]{kasen2002}
          Kasen, D., Branch, D., Baron, E., \&~Jeffery, D. J. 2002, ApJ,
          565, 380 % astro-ph/0108403
          % A complete analytic inversion of Supernova Lines in the
          % Sobolev Approximation.  A cute paper



\bibitem[Kasen et al.(2006)]{kasen2006} Kasen, D., Thomas, R.C., \&~Nugent, P.
        2006, ApJ, 651, 366
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Time-dependent Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer Calculations 
        % for Three-dimensional 
        % Supernova Spectra, Light Curves, and Polarization.
        % Dan's method paper.
        % The code is called SEDONA.
        % Among many other things stationarity is found to be a somewhat reasonable
        % approximation.
        % 



\bibitem[Kasen et al.(2007)]{kasen2007} Kasen, D., \&~Woosley, S. E.  2007, ApJ, 656, 661 
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  On the Origin of the Type Ia Supernova Width-Luminosity Relation.
         % Mostly a change in ionization thing it seems.



\bibitem[Kasen \&~Raftery(1995)]{kass1995} 
         Kass, R.E., \&~Raftery, A.E. 1995, 
         Journal of the American Statistical Society, 90, 773
         % 
         % Kasen \&~Raftery (1995).
         % Title:  Bayes Factors.



     \bibitem[Kaufmann(1978)]{kaufmann1978}
     Kaufmann, W. III  1978,
     Exploration of the Solar System 
     (New York:  MacMillan Publishing Company, Inc) (Ka)
     William J. Kaufmann, III is the author.
     A dated book, but it has some basic materials omitted from
     later snazzier books.  No color pictures, but it was before
     color was de rigeur.
     % Ka-???




\bibitem[Kawabata et al.(2002)]{kawabata2002} Kawabata, K., et al. 2002, \apj, 580, L39
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % The polarization data of SN 2002ap Ic hypernova that suggested that a jet formed.
        % 31 coauthors:  Kawabata, Jeffery, ... Mazzali ... Nomoto.
        % astro-ph/0205414



\bibitem[Kawabata et al.(2003)]{kawabata2003} Kawabata, K. S., et al.
%           Deng, J., Wang, L.,
%           Mazzali, P., Nomoto, K., Maeda, K., Tominaga, N., Umeda, H.,
%           Iye, M., Kosugi, G., Ohyama, Y., Sasaki, T.,
%           H\"oflich, P., Wheeler, J. C., Jeffery, D. J., et al.
           2003, 593, L19, astro-ph/0306155
           %  ``On the Spectrum and Spectropolarimetry of Type Ic Hypernova
           % SN 2003dh/GRB 030329''
           % The important supernova establishing unequivocably the
           % supernova gamma-ray burst link.
           % At least 14 coauthors.



\bibitem[Keenan et al.(1976)]{keenan1976} 
         Keenan, C. W., Wood, J. H., & Kleinfelter, D. C.  1976,
         General College Chemistry
         (New York:  Harper & Row, Publishers) (KWK)
         % It's on my shelf.




\bibitem[Kawabata et al.(2003b)]{kawabata2003b}
           Kawabata, K. S., Jeffery, D. J.,~\etal 2003,
          {\it The Proceedings of the IAU 8th Asian-Pacific Regional Meeting,
          Volume II,} ed.~S.~Ikeuchi, J.~Hearnshaw, \&~T.~Hanawa
          (San Francisco:  Astronomical Society of the Pacific), 333-334
          % The SN 2002ap jet polarization paper rehash.
          % There are be 20 plus coauthors.




\bibitem[Khokhlov(1994)]{khokhlov1994} Khokhlov, A. 1994, ApJ, 424, L115.
             % 3-d flame in Ia's.  3-d absolutely necessary.  2-d
             % behavior is intrinsically different.
             % smaller scale behavior in 3-d.



\bibitem[Khokhlov et al.(1999)]{khokhlov1999} Khokhlov, A. M., H\"oflich, P., Oran, E. S., Wheeler, J. C.,
             \&~Wang, L. 1999, astro-ph/9904419
             % Jet-induced explosions of core collapse supernovae.
             % Assumed core jets explode the star asymmetrically.
             % The asymmetry in the bulk material gives the polarization.
             % The break-out jets give gamma-ray bursts of one kind.
             % I'd bet my dog their right.



\bibitem[Khokhlov et al.(1993)]{khokhlov1993}
             Khokhlov, A., M\"uller, E., \& H\"oflich, P. 1993, A\&A, 270, 223 
             % A range of Ia explosion models with light curves are presented.
             % The DET1 model is a pure detonation with g=M_Ni/M_IP=.66.



\bibitem[Kirshner et al.(1988)]{kirshner1988}
             Kirshner, R.~P., Blades, J.~C., Branch, D., Chevalier, R. A.,
             Fransson, C., Panagia, N., Wagoner, R.~V., \&~Wheeler, J.~C.
             1988, {{\it HST} Proposal SINS:  The Supernova INtensive Study},
             unpublished
             % the actual HST proposal itself.


\bibitem[Kirshner \& Oke(1975)]{kirshner1975}
         Kirshner, R.~P., \&~Oke, J.~B. 1975, ApJ, 200, 574
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Supernova 1972e in NGC 5253.
         % nebular epoch spectra of Type~Ia SN~1972E
         % and analysis up to $\sim 714$ days after explosion (using
         % 18 day rule).
         % The AB (close to B-.2) light curve 60--714 days has
         % a fitted half-life of 57.89 days or .013 mag/day decline.
         % The 72E spectrum set with a claim to
         % photometric accuracy equal to photometry.
         % Spectra from day +235 to +714 relative to Bmax.



\bibitem[Kirshner et al.(1973)]{kirshner1973b}
         Kirshner, R.~P., Oke, J.~B., Penston, M.~V., \&~Searle, L. 1973, ApJ, 185, 303
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  The spectra of supernovae.
         % a study of supernova spectra, both I and II, with
         % emphasis on Type~Ia SN~1972E.  The SN~1972E
         % spectrum set with a claim (p. 307) for absolute
         % flux calibration.
         % Spectra from day +4 to +235 relative to Bmax.



\bibitem[Kirshner et al.(1973)]{kirshner1973a}
         Kirshner, R.~P., Willner, S.~P., Becklin, E.~E., Neugebauer, G., \&~Oke, J.~B. 1973a, ApJ, 180, L97
         % 
         % Title:  Spectrophotometry of the Supernova in NGC 5253 from 0.33 to 2.2 Microns. 
         % spectrophotometry and color temperature of Ia SN~1972E.
         % The spectra are just narrow band filters.
         % There are also some early light curves in AB magnitudes.
         % AB(4400) corresponds to B and shows max at about may16. 



\bibitem[Kirshner et al.(1993)]{kirshner1993}
         Kirshner, R. P., et al. 1993, ApJ, 415, 589
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  SN 1992A: Ultraviolet and Optical Studies Based on HST, IUE, and CTIO Observations.
         % The SN~1992A Ia paper with HST spectra.  There are 21 authors, Kirshner, Jeffery,
         % Leibundgut, Challis, Sonneborn, etc.
         % 



\bibitem[Klee(1997)]{klee1997} Klee, R. 1997,
         Introduction to the Philosophy of Science:  Cutting Nature
         at its Seams (New York:  Oxford University Press)
         % Recent, seems good, and the author seems a great stylist.
         % He has his strong positions:  negative on social constructivism,
         % but who hasn't.
         % But an easier good book is 
         % Chalmers (1999).
         % Science book.



\bibitem[Klein \& Castor(1978)]{klein1978}
         Klein, R. I., \& Castor, J. I. 1978, ApJ, 220, 902 
         % 
         % ADS reference. 
         % Title:  H and He II spectra of Of stars.
         % The important part of this paper is that they introduce Sobolev escape 
         % probabilities into the rate equations.  This may be the first time for
         % this, but who knows.



\bibitem[Knop et al.(2003)]{knop2003}
       Knop, R. A., et al. 2003, ApJ, 598, 102
       % New Constraints on OmegaM, OmegaLambda, and w from an
       % Independent Set of 11 High-Redshift Supernovae Observed with the Hubble Space Telescope



\bibitem[Koestler(1959)]{koestler1959}
         Koestler, A. 1977 (1959), The Sleepwalkers:  A History of Man's
         Changing Vision of the Universe (Harmondswoth, Middlesex, England:
         Penguin Books, Ltd.) (Ko)
         %
         % Arthur Koestler (1905--1983) is a very mixed bag as person:  
         % see Wikipedia:  Koestler,
         % and references therein.
         % He believed in parapsychology;  he supported a host of cranky causes;
         % he was personally odious at times.
         % Even I can see that
         % The Sleepwalkers is very derivative where it is good
         % and something of a hatchet-job where it is bad.
         % I was never able to finish A Darkness at Noon though
         % many have considered it a great novel.
         % It must be said that he opposed totalitarianism in times when
         % it was important to do so. 
         %
         % One wonders if anything can be salvaged from Koestler.
         % If every quote and conjecture from Koestler has to be defended
         % from my own distaste for him and my doubts about his accuracy,
         % honesty, and judgment, then I guess I'd better dismiss him to history 
         % despite his talents and his artistry as a writer.
         % 
         % But the Kepler section of the The Sleepwalkers is an interesting
         % read as long as one doesn't treat it as authoritative in any way.
         %
         % The book has been justly derided over the years.  He was
         % grinding some pretty idiosyncratic axes.
         % Many of his main points are really objectionable after one has
         % seen the solid work of others.
         % Personally, I find some of Koestler's attitudes objectionable too.
         % Most strikingly to me, Koestler is scornful of Copernicus for loving some one.
         % But it seems to me that later writers have had to at least concede
         % that Koestler scored a few sound points.
         % His insistence that Kepler had mystical side was right.
         % Of course, it was not a new insight since Kepler's
         % foremost biographer Max Caspar
         % had already presented it (e.g., Ca-377).
         % And although Koestler's treatments of Copernicus and Galileo are
         % unjust and belittling, it's hard to deny that Copernicus was very, very
         % cautious and that Galileo could be arrogant.
         % Actually, I wonder if Koestler's portrayal of Galileo is a self-portrait.
         % History book.  Science book. Biography book.



\bibitem[Kollros(1956)]{kollros1956}
         Kollros, L. 1956,
         in Jubilee of Relativity Theory,  
         Bern, 1955, 11--16,
         ed.~A.~Mercier \& M.~A.~Kervaire 
         (Basel, Switzerland:  Birkhauser), ?
         % The title of the article by Louis Kollros (1878--1959) is
         % {\it Albert Einstein en Suisse, Souvenirs}. 
         % See
         % Adler et al. (1975)
         % for the Einstein quote on the summation rule.
% For a online record of this book see
% 
%  North Carolina State University Library.



\bibitem[Kotak et al.(2005)]{kotak2005}
       Kotak, R., et al. 2005, A\&A, 436, 1021 
       %
       % ADS Reference
       % Title:  Spectroscopy of the type Ia supernova SN 2002er: Days -11 to +215.



\bibitem[Kozma et al.(2005)]{kozma2005}
         Kozma, C., Fransson, C., Hillebrandt, W., Travaglio, C., Sollerman, J., Reinecke, M., R\"opke, F. K.,
         \& Spyromilio, J.  2005, , 437, 981 
         %
         % ADS Reference.
         % Title:  Three-dimensional modeling of type Ia supernovae - The power of late time spectra.
         % Fritz Roepke's c3_3d_256_10s pure deflagration model model fails to reproduce nebular spectra.
         % See Roepke (2005).



\bibitem[Kragh(1996)]{kragh1996}
         Kragh, H. 1996,
         Cosmology and Controversy:
         The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe,
         (Princeton, New Jersey:  Princeton University Press)
      % page 58 for Lemaitre as an old-fashioned cosmologist
      % Kr-58




\bibitem[Krisciunas et al.(2000)]{krisciunas2000}
      Krisciunas, K., Hastings, N. C., Loomis, K., McMillan, R., Rest, A., Riess, A. G., \& Stubbs, C.  % 7 coauthors
      2000, ApJ, 539, 658
      %
      % ADS Reference.
      % Title:  Uniformity of (V-Near-Infrared) Color Evolution of Type Ia Supernovae 
      % and Implications for Host Galaxy Extinction Determination
      % B maxima from MLCS for SN 1972e, SN 1980N, SN 1981B, SN 1981D, SN 1983R,
      % SN 1998bu, SN 1999aa, SN 1999cl, SN 1999cp (p. 667).



\bibitem[Krisciunas et al.(2003)]{krisciunas2003} 
      Krisciunas, K., et al. 2003, AJ, 125, 166
      %
      % ADS Reference.
      % Title:  Optical and Infrared Photometry of the Nearby Type Ia Supernova 2001el.
      % B max 2001sep30.0 (JD 2452182.5) from p. 170 in the Figure 3 caption.



\bibitem[Krisciunas et al.(2004)]{krisciunas2004}
      Krisciunas, K., et al. 2004, AJ, 127, 1664 
      %
      % ADS Reference.
      % Title:  Optical and Infrared Photometry of the Nearby Type Ia Supernovae 1999ee, 2000bh, 2000ca, and 2001ba.
      % 20 or so coauthors including Stritzinger.
      % On p. 1666 they seem to adopt the Bmax of 
      % Stritzinger et al. (2002).



\bibitem[Krisciunas et al.(2007)]{krisciunas2007}
      Krisciunas, K., et al. 2007, AJ, 133, 58 
      %
      % ADS Reference.
      % Title:  The Type Ia Supernova 2004S, a Clone of SN 2001el, and the Optimal Photometric Bands 
      % for Extinction Estimation.
      % 12 coauthors.



\bibitem[Kromer \&Sim(2009)]{kromer2009}
      Kromer, M., \&~Sim, S. A. 2009, MNRAS, submitted
      %ADS Reference.
      % Title:  Time-Dependent 3D Spectrum Synthesis for Type Ia Supernovae. 
      % good 3-d technique, Lucy macro-atom, approximate NLTE, 
      % time-dependence for radiation field, none for thermal processes.
      % I refereed it circa 2009may29. 
      % I made lots of suggestions.
      % We can hope for the best.





\bibitem[Kuchner et al.(1994)]{kuchner1994}
         Kuchner, M. J., Kirshner, R. P., Pinto, P. A., \&~Leibundgut, B. 1994, ApJ, 426, L89
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Evidence for Ni-56 yields Co-56 yields Fe-56 decay in type Ia supernovae.
         % Marc's Ni-Co-Fe decay proof in Ia's from simple
         % nebular line ratios.
         % Just about the only place you will find an identified cobalt line in the
         % literature:  the [Co III]. 



\bibitem[Kurucz et al.(1991)]{kurucz1991}
         Kurucz, R. L. 1991, in Stellar Atmospheres:  Beyond Classical
         Models, ed.~L.~Crivellari, I.~Hubeny, \&~D.~G.~Hummer
         (Dordrecht:  Kluwer), 441
         % 
         % ADS reference.  But not available online.
         % Title:  New Opacity Calculations. 
         % Opacity calculations discussed and
         % the 5.5 million lines are discussed here.



\bibitem[Kurucz et al.(1991)]{kurucz1991}
         Kurucz, R. L. 1991, in Precision Photometry: Astrophysics of the Galaxy,
         ed.~A.~G.~D.~Philip, A.~R.~Upgren and K.~A.~Janes
         (Schenectady, New York: Davis Press), 27 
         % 
         % ADS reference.  But not available online.
         % Title:  New Lines, New Models, New Colors. 
         % Opacity calculations discussed and 
         % the 5.5 million lines are discussed here.

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L



\bibitem[Lair et al.(2006)]{lair2006}
      Lair, J. C., Leising, M. D., Milne, P. A., \& Williams, G. G.
      2006, AJ, 132, 2024
      %
      % ADS reference.
      % Title:  Late Light Curves of Normal Type Ia Supernovae.
      % More on very late SN Ia light curves.
      % Whether positrons escape or not is not yet solved.



\bibitem[Lamarsh(1966)]{lamarsh1966} Lamarsh, J. R. 1966,
        Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory
        (Reading Massachusetts:  Addison-Wesley)
        % An intelligible derivation of Fick's law on p. 125ff. 
        % Reproduced online at 
        % http://lpsc.in2p3.fr/gpr/PPNPport/node31.html



\bibitem[Landstreet(2003)]{landstreet2003}
 Landstreet, John D. 2003, Physical Processes in the
     Solar System:  An Introduction to the physics of Asteroids,
     Comets, Moons, and Planets
     (London, Canada:  Keenan & Darlington, Publishers) (La)
     % (La-???)



\bibitem[Langer et al.(2000)]{langer2000}
    Langer, N., Deutschmann, A., Wellstein, S., \& H\"oflich, P. 2000, A\&A, 362, 1046
    % Accretion to WD's doesn't allow WD greater than 2 or so M_sun.
    % Up to 4 is dynamically possible according to \cite{yoon2005}. 
    % Describing this work as one of accretion histories is OK judging from the
    % abstract. 


% \citep[][]{lauwers2024} \citealt[][]{lauwers2024}
\bibitem[Lauwers et al.(2024)]{lauwers2024} Lauwers, A., Baes, M., Camps, P., \& Vander Meulen, B.
        2024, A\&A, in press
        %  Lauwers, A., et al. 2024.
        % Title:  Tetrahedral grids in Monte Carlo radiative transfer
        % "Three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer codes generally
        % need a grid onto which the medium is discretised"
        % 4 coauthors which is 1 too many?
        % in aastex is seems I show up to 7 coauthors
        % See [Krisciunas et a
        % So they have not scooped jeffery2024



\bibitem[Lawden(1975)]{lawden1975} Lawden, D. F. 1975,
        An Introduction to Tensor Calculus and Relativity
        (London:  Chapman and Hall)
        % A short book on relativity.  I have it on my shelf:
        % that's its especially good feature.
        % Actually, it's quite good.



\bibitem[Lawden(2002)]{lawden2002} Lawden, D. F. 2002,
        An Introduction to Tensor Calculus, Relativity, and Cosmology
        (New York:  Dover Publications, Inc.), (Law)
        % A short book on relativity.  I have it on my shelf:
        % that's its especially good feature.
        % Actually, it's quite good, but I've heard some of
        % the notation is now out-of-date.




\bibitem[Laughlin(2005)]{laughlin2005} Laughlin, R. B. 2005,
         A Different Universe:  Reinventing Physics from the
         Bottom Up
        (New York:  Basic Books)
        % Interesting book on emergence in physics and other sciences.
        % http://www.amazon.com/Different-Universe-Reinventing-Physics-Bottom/dp/B000MV8HOI/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1283579653&sr=1-1
        % http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin



\bibitem[Leibundgut et al.(1991)]{leibundgut1991}
    Leibundgut, B., Kirshner, R. P., Filippenko, A. V., Shields, J. C., Foltz, C. B., Phillips, M. M., 
    \& Sonneborn, G.
    1991, \apj, 371, L23
    %
    % ADS reference.
    % Title:  Premaximum observations of the type IA SN 1990N
    % Photometry and spectra and IUE spectra.



\bibitem[Leibundgut et al.(1993)]{leibundgut1993}
    Leibundgut, B., et al.  1993, AJ, 105, 301 
    %
    % ADS reference.
    % Title:  SN 1991bg:  A type IA supernova with a difference.
    % Photometry and spectra. 
    % They give a Vmax date of 1991dec14.7 +/- 0.5, but
    % in Julian date they give JD 2448605.3 for Vmax, but if 14.7 is right,
    % then they meant JD 2448605.2.  Even Bruno nods.




\bibitem[Leitherer(2006)]{leitherer2006}
    Leitherer, C. 2006, in Mass Loss from Stars and the Evolution of Stellar Clusters:
    Proc. of a Workshop Held in Honor of Henny Lamers, ed. 
    A. de Koter, L. Smith \& R. Waters (San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific), in press, 
    astro-ph/0608698
    % astro-ph/0608698.
    % Title:  Spectral Synthesis of Massive Stars in Clusters.
    % Stellar clusters are thought to be the simplest stellar systems and the closest observational 
    % counterparts to theoretical models for single stellar populations. Progress in our understanding 
    % of the atmospheres and evolution of massive stars has led to generally reliable synthesis models. The future release 
    % of new evolution models with rotation, however, will require non-trivial updates to previously published 
    % synthesis models, in particular for all Wolf-Rayet and red supergiant related quantities. Cluster 
    % synthesis work is currently progressing from a purely stellar approach to a more comprehensive 
    % stellar+cluster perspective. The photometric evolution of stars and the dynamical evolution of clusters 
    % are delicately interwoven. Recent work attempts to combine these seemingly related fields.


\bibitem[Leonard et al.(2001a)]{leonard2001a}
    Leonard, D. C., \&~Filippenko, A. V. 2001a, \pasp, in press, astro-ph/0105295
    % spectropolarimetry of 97ds, 98A, 99gi:  all II's.



\bibitem[Leonard \&~Filippenko(2005)]{leonard2005}  
         Leonard, D. C., \&~Filippenko, A. V. 2005,
         in 1604-2004: Supernovae as Cosmological Lighthouses, 
         ASP Conference Series, Vol.~342,
         Proceedings of the conference held 15--19 June, 2004 in Padua, Italy, ed.~ M. Turatto, S. Benetti,
         L. Zampieri, \&~W. Shea (San Francisco:  Astronomical Society of the Pacific), 330, astro-ph/0409659
         % Title:  Spectropolarimetry of Core-Collapse Supernovae
         % Less hydrogen envelope, more polarization.



\bibitem[Leonard et al.(2001b)]{leonard2001b}
    Leonard, D. C., Filippenko, A. V., Ardila, D. R., \&~Brotherton, M. S.
    2001b, \apj, 553, 861, % astro-ph/0009285
    % polarization of 99em II-P positive, spectropolarimetry.



\bibitem[Leonard et al.(2000a)]{leonard2000a}
    Leonard, D. C., Filippenko, A. V., Barth, A. J., \&~Matheson, T.
    2000a, \apj, 536, 239 %, astro-ph/9908040
    % Evidence for the asphericity of Type IIn SN 1998S.
    % They give a long discussion on ISP correction.



\bibitem[Leonard et al.(2002)]{leonard2002}
     Leonard, D. C., Filippenko, A. V., Chornock, R., \& Foley, R. J.
     2002, \pasp, 114, 1333
     % astro-ph/0206368
     % Doug on type Ic/weak-hypernova? SN 2002ap:  he confirms the possible jet component
     % of polarization found by Kawabata et al.



\bibitem[Leonard et al.(2000b)]{leonard2000b}
    Leonard, D. C., Filippenko, A. V. \&~Matheson, T.
    2000b, in Cosmic Explosions, ed.~S.~Holt \&~W.~W.~Zhang
    (New York:  AIP), 165
    % Very short but nice review of supernova spectropolarimetry.



\bibitem[Leonard et al.(2005b)]{leonard2005b}
    Leonard, D. C., Li, W., Filippenko, A. V., Foley, R. J., \& Chornock, R. 2005b,
    \apj, 632, 450
    % 
    % ADS reference.
    % Title:  Evidence for Spectropolarimetric Diversity in Type Ia Supernovae.
    % ``Increasing strength of line-polarization features: ordinary/overluminous

\bibitem[Li et al.(1999)]{li1999}
         Li, W. D., et al. 1999, AJ, 117, 2709
         %
         % ADS Reference.
         % Title:  The Type IA Supernova 1997BR in ESO 576-G40.
         % 10 coauthors
         % Weidong calls himself W. D. Li.



\bibitem[Li et al.(2001)]{li2001}
         Li, W. D., et al. 2001, PASP, 113, 788 
         %
         % ADS Reference.
         % Title:  The Unique Type Ia Supernova 2000cx in NGC 524. 
         % 11 coauthors
         % Weidong calls himself W. D. Li.
         % David Branch calls it a shallow silicon Ia.



\bibitem[Li et al.(2003)]{li2003}
         Li, W. D., et al. 2003, PASP, 115, 453 
         %
         % ADS Reference.
         % Title:  SN 2002cx: The Most Peculiar Known Type Ia Supernova 
         % 15 coauthors
         % Weidong calls himself W. D. Li.
         % David Branch calls it a shallow silicon Ia, but it is the super-peculiar
         % Ia with the narrow nebular lines.



\bibitem[Liddle(2015)]{liddle2015} Liddle, A. 2015,
        An Introduction to Modern Cosmology
        (Chichester, United Kingdom:  John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.)
        % Just 200 pages of good stuff 
        % Li-???



\bibitem[Lira et al.(1998)]{lira1998}
         Lira, P., et al. 1998, AJ, 115, 234 
         %
         % ADS Reference.
         % There is an errata at
         %
         % ADS Reference, but it only has stuff of interest to observers.
         % Title:  Optical light curves of the Type IA supernovae SN 1990N and 1991T
         % 31 coauthors
         % Bmax=12.76 on JD 2448082.7 +/- .5  which is .3 days earlier than Bruno had it.
         % In date this 1990jul10.2.
         % One has to believe that since they are experts and are later that they got
         % a better Bmax.



\bibitem[Liu et al.(1997a)]{liu1997a}
             Liu, W., Jeffery, D. J., \&~Schultz, D. R. 1997a,
             ApJ, 483, L107
             % the nebular spectra of SNe~Ia paper.


\bibitem[Liu et al.(1997b)]{liu1997b}
              Liu, W., Jeffery, D. J., \&~Schultz, D. R. 1997b,
             ApJ, 486, L35
             % the nebular spectra of Type~Ia SN~1991T paper.


\bibitem[Liu et al.(1998)]{liu1998}
              Liu, W., Jeffery, D. J., \&~Schultz, D. R. 1998, ApJ, 494, 812
             % The photoionization and charge transfer paper.



\bibitem[Liu et al.(1997c)]{liu1997c}
             Liu, W., Jeffery, D. J., Schultz, D. R., Quinet, P.,
             Shaw, J., \&~Pindzola, M. S. 1997c,
             ApJ, 489, L141
             % The cobalt line emission paper.



\bibitem[Livne \&~Arnett(1995)]{livne1995} Livne, E., \&~Arnett, W. D. 1990, \apj, 452, 62 
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Explosions of Sub--Chandrasekhar Mass White Dwarfs in Two Dimensions. 
        % More of the helium-igniter sub-Chandrasekhar mass Ia papers. 
        % Variations on this theme had been investigated earlier by 
        % Nomoto (1982) 
        % and Woosley et al. (1986).
        % Nugent (1997) ruled them out with PHOENIX calculations.



\bibitem[Livne \&~Glasner(1990)]{livne1990} Livne, E., \&~Glasner, A. 1990, \apj, 361, 244 
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Geometrical effects in off-center detonation of helium shells.
        % First of the helium-igniter sub-Chandrasekhar mass Ia papers.
        % Variations on this theme had been investigated earlier by 
        % Nomoto (1982) 
        % and Woosley et al. (1986).
        % Nugent (1997) ruled them out with PHOENIX calculations.



\bibitem[Livne \&~Glasner(1991)]{livne1991} Livne, E., \&~Glasner, A. 1991, \apj, 370, 272 
        %
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Numerical simulations of off-center detonations in helium shells.
        % 2nd of the helium-igniter sub-Chandrasekhar mass Ia papers. 
        % Variations on this theme had been investigated earlier by 
        % Nomoto (1982) 
        % and Woosley et al. (1986).
        % Nugent (1997) ruled them out with PHOENIX calculations.



\bibitem[L\'opez-Puertas \&~Taylor(2001)]{lopez-puertas2001} 
        L\'opez-Puertas, M., \& Taylor, F.  W. 2001, 
        Series on Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Planetary Physics, Vol.~3,
        Non-LTE Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere,
        (Singapore:  World Scientific)
        % Sort of a Mihalas for the Earth's atmosphere.



\bibitem[Lucy(1991)]{lucy1991} Lucy, L. B. 1991, \apj, 383, 308
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Nonthermal excitation of helium in type Ib supernovae.
        % nonthermal excitation of He I lines in Type~Ib's
        % Lucy says ultimately from the gamma-rays from Ni-56 mixed out into the He envelope.
        % See p. 308 and 312.



\bibitem[Lucy(1999a)]{lucy1999a} 
      Lucy, L. B. 1999a, \aap, 344, 282
       %
       % ADS reference.
       % Title:  Computing radiative equilibria with Monte Carlo techniques.
       % his self-consistent LTE with Monte Carlo
       % with variance reduction   
       % Shows the Lambda-Iteration works with MC for LTE atmospheres. 


  \citep[e.g.,][]{lucy1999b}
\bibitem[Lucy(1999b)]{lucy1999b} Lucy, L. B. 1999b, \aap, 345, 211
      % ADS reference.
      % Title:  Improved Monte Carlo techniques for the spectral synthesis of supernovae.
      % Lucy's vastly improved Monte Carlo techniques
      % He gives his formal integral procedure for the emergent spectra.
      % The Sobolev method is used in part.



\bibitem[Lucy(2002)]{lucy2002} Lucy, L. B. 2002, \aap, 384, 725 %, astro-ph/0107377
      % Title:   Monte Carlo transition probabilities.
      % Transition probabilities governing the interaction of
      % energy packets and matter
      % are derived that allow Monte Carlo NLTE transfer codes to be constructed
      % without simplifying the treatment of line formation. These probabilities are
      % such that the Monte Carlo calculation asymptotically recovers the local
      % emissivity of a gas in statistical equilibrium.
      % Macro-atom paper I.



\bibitem[Lucy(2003)]{lucy2003} Lucy, L. B. 2003, \aap, 403, 261 %, astro-ph/0303202
      %ADS reference.
      % Title:  Monte Carlo transition probabilities. II.
      % Paper II on transition probabilities governing the interaction of
      % energy packets and matter
      % are derived that allow Monte Carlo NLTE transfer codes to be constructed
      % without simplifying the treatment of line formation. These probabilities are
      % such that the Monte Carlo calculation asymptotically recovers the local
      % emissivity of a gas in statistical equilibrium.
      % Macro-atom paper II.
      % Lambda iteration works for limited NLTE (as Lucy2005a) states.
      % Application is made to Type II supernovae, but not in paper I it seems.



\bibitem[Lucy(2005a)]{lucy2005a} Lucy, L. B. 2005a, \aap, 429, 19 %, astro-ph/0409249
      % ADS reference.
      % Title:  Monte Carlo techniques for time-dependent radiative transfer in 3-D supernovae.
      % All kinds of good stuff that may be important for my future work.
      % p. 21 points out that difference equation radtran conserves energy only
      % asymptotically as convergence is approached.  A key point.



\bibitem[Lucy(2005b)]{lucy2005b} Lucy, L. B. 2005b, \aap, 429, 31 %, astro-ph/0409078
      % ADS reference.
      % Title:  Similarity solutions for radiation in time-dependent relativistic flows.
      % All kinds of good stuff that may be important for my future work.



\bibitem[Luminet(2011)]{luminet2011}  %\citep[][]{luminet2011}
    Luminet, J.-P. 2011,
    General Relativity and Gravitation, 43, 2911, arXiv:1105.6271
    % arXiv:1105.6271.
    % Title:  Editorial note to: Georges Lemaître,
    %         The beginning of the world from the point of view of quantum theory
    % https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011GReGr..43.2911L/abstract
    % see also
    % 
    % The Rise of Big Bang Models (4) : Lemaître



\bibitem[Lux \& Koblinger(1991)]{lux1991} Lux, I., \& Koblinger, L. 1991,
        Monte Carlo Particle Transport Methods:  Neutron and Photon Calculations 
        (Boca Raton, Florida:  CRC Press, Inc.)
        % 
        % Amazon reference. 
        % Currently, unavailble.
        % A bible of Monte Carlo radiative transfer.

(return to top)


M



\bibitem[MacFadyen et al.(1999)]{macfadyen1999}
      MacFadyen, A. I., \& Woosley, S. E. 1999, ApJ, 524, 262.
      % Their paper on jets.



\bibitem[MacFadyen et al.(2001)]{macfadyen2001} MacFadyen, A. I.,
      Woosley, S. E., \&~Heger, A. 2001, \apj, 550, 410
      % Supernovae, Jets, and Collapsars
      % Jets helping the supernova and escaping to form GRBs maybe



\bibitem[Maclean(1961)]{maclean1964}
         Maclean, F. 1964,  Eastern Approaches 
         (New York:  Time Incorporated)
         % Fitzroy Maclean (1911-1996)
         % (Wikipedia) was sort of a Scottish Highland chief among other things
         % like writer, traveler, soldier.  This is an acount of his
         % travels in the pre-WWII Soviet Union and then of WWII spent
         % in the Balkans where he met up with Tito.
         % History book.  Travel book.  Biography book



\bibitem[Maeda \&~Iwamoto(2009)]{maeda2009b}
         Maeda, K., \&~Iwamoto K. 2009, MNRAS, 394, 239
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Observational Characteristics and Possible Asphericity of Over-Luminous Type Ia Supernovae
         % SN 2003fg:   they do radiative transfer modeling and find that SN 2003fg may well be
         % asymmetric.  They make no use of Jeffery et al. (2006)'s conclusions, but they
         % do make use of our modeling prescription.
         % p. 241 says they used model construction like Jeffery et al. 2006.



\bibitem[Maeda et al.(2009)]{maeda2009a}
         Maeda, K., Kawabata, K., Li, W., Tanaka, M., Mazzali, P. A., Hattori, T., Nomoto, K.,
         \&~Filippenko, A. V. 2009, ApJ, 690, 1745
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Subaru and Keck Observations of the Peculiar Type Ia Supernova 2006gz at Late Phases.
         % SN 2003fg-like and potentially super-chan 2006gz is peculiar at 1 year, but
         % not in a way that easily accords with it's super-chan early phase.



\bibitem[Marion et al.(2003)]{marion2003}
         Marion, G. H., H\"oflich, P., Vacca, W. D., \& Wheeler, J. C.  2003, \apj, 591, 316 
         % 
         % ADS reference. 
         % Title:  Near-Infrared Spectra of Type Ia Supernovae.
         % Pretty strong that the stratified 1-d delayed-detonation model 5p028z22.25 does
         % a pretty good job of explaining the IR spectra of core normal SNe Ia.


\bibitem[Marion et al.(2006)]{marion2006}
      Marion, G. H., H\"oflich, P., Wheeler, J. C., Robinson, E. L., Gerardy, C. L., \& Vacca, W. D.  
      2006, \apj, 645, 1392
      % Low Carbon Abundance in Type Ia Supernovae.
      % A factor 100 to 1000 below O abundance for normal Ia's.
      % Strong evidence for the delayed-detonation models.




\bibitem[Massey(2003)]{massey2003}
      Massey, P. 2003, ARA\&A, 41, 15 
% 
      % ADS reference. 
      % 41 pages.  It's massive.
      % Title:  MASSIVE STARS IN THE LOCAL GROUP: Implications for Stellar Evolution and Star Formation.
      % The galaxies of the Local Group serve as important laboratories for understanding the physics of massive stars. 
      % Here I discuss what is involved in identifying various kinds of massive stars in nearby galaxies: the hydrogen-burning 
      % O-type stars and their evolved He-burning evolutionary descendants, the luminous blue variables, red supergiants, 
      % and Wolf-Rayet stars. Primarily I review what our knowledge of the massive star population in nearby galaxies has taught us 
      % about stellar evolution and star formation. I show that the current generation of stellar evolutionary models do well at matching 
      % some of the observed features and provide a look at the sort of new observational data that will provide a benchmark against 
      % which new models can be evaluated.



\bibitem[Massey(2006)]{massey2006}
      Massey, P. 2006, in "Massive Stars in the Local Group: Star Formation and Stellar Evolution", 
      The Local Group as an Astrophysical Labatory, Proceedings of the May 2003 STScI Symposium, 
      ed. M. Livio and T. M. Brown, (Cambridge:  University of Cambridge Press), 164,
      astro-ph/0307531
      % Title:  Massive Stars in the Local Group: Star Formation and Stellar Evolution.
      % The galaxies of the Local Group that are currently forming stars can serve as our laboratories for understanding 
      % star formation and the evolution of massive stars. In this talk I will summarize what I think
      % we've learned about these topics over the past few decades of research, and briefly mention
      % what I think needs to happen next.



\bibitem[Masters(1961)]{masters1961}
         Masters, J. 1961,  The Road Past Mandalay
         (London:  Michael Joseph, Ltd.)
         % Novelist John Masters memoirs of the WWII
         % and the action he saw in Iraq and Burma.
         % Great title, good read.
         % If I recall correctly, Masters is like acid on
         % the subject of American general Joseph Stillwell.
         % Since Vinegar Joe used acid himself, he can't complain.
         % This is the sequel to ``Bugles and a Tiger'' which
         % accounts the early stages of Masters path to becoming
         % what he inevitable would become:  a retired lieutenant colonel
         % of the Indian Army.  It was never discarded and so I never acquired it.
         % See John Masters (Wikipedia)
         % where an unnamed Indian author is quoted as
         % saying ``that while Kipling understood India, John Masters understood Indians.''
         % But this just echos a remark by Masters that goes like Kipling understood
         % everything about India, but nothing about Indians.
         % He wrote mostly about the British Raj:  one plays the hand
         % one is dealt.
         % History book.  Travel book.  Biography book



\bibitem[Matheson et al.(2001)]{matheson2001} Matheson, T.,
        Filippenko, A. V., Li, W., Leonard, D. C., \& Shields, J. C.
        2001, \aj, 121, 1648
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % optical spectroscopy of type Ib/c supernovae.  They include IIb's SN 1998fa and 1996cb.
        % The observational paper with all kinds of spectra reported.
        % They derive R maximum and maxima for some supernovae.



\bibitem[Matheson et al.(2002)]{matheson2002} 
         Matheson, T., Jha, S., Challis, P., Kirshner, R., \& Berlind, P. 2002, 
         IAU Circ.~7903
         %
         % ADS Reference
         % Reports the earliest SN 2002cx spectrum from 2002may17.22 UT.



\bibitem[Matheson et al.(2003)]{matheson2003} Matheson, T., et al. 2003, \apj, 599, 394 
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % About 50 coauthors
        % Photometry and Spectroscopy of GRB 030329 and Its Associated Supernova 2003dh: The First Two Months.
        % They try to correct spectra to eliminate the afterglow which they model as a power law function (see p. 403).



\bibitem[Mattila et al.(2005)]{mattila2005}
      Mattila, S., Lundqvist, P., Sollerman, J., Kozma, C., Baron, E., Fransson, C., Leibundgut, B., \& Nomoto, K.
      2005, A\&A, 443, 649
      %
      % ADS Reference.
      % Title:  Early and late time VLT spectroscopy of SN 2001el - progenitor constraints for a type Ia supernova.
      % Spectra from day -8.7, -1.7, and +398 relative to B max 2001sep30.0 (JD 2452182.5).




\bibitem[Mauldin(1971)]{mauldin1971} Mauldin, W. 1971,
        The Brass Ring (New York:  W.W. Norton & Compnay, Inc.)
        % Bill Mauldin (1921--2003)
        % (Wikipedia).  
        % Bill Mauldin was the Willie and Joe cartoonist of the WWII.
        % On p. 273, he just quietly lets on that the real Willie died somewhere in
        % the vicinity of Anzio. 
        % History book.  Biography book.


     

\bibitem[Mauer et al.(2010)]{mauer2010}  
         Maurer, I., Mazzali, P., Taubenberger, S., \& Hachinger, S. 2010, MNRAS, submitted
         %ADS reference.
         % Title:  Hydrogen and helium in the late phase of SNe IIb.
         % Lots of great nebular modeling stuff.
         % But still a lot of model adjusting.



\bibitem[Mazo(2002)]{mazo2002} Mazo, R. M. 2002,
          Brownian Motion:  Fluctuations, Dynamics, and Applications
          (Oxford:  Clarendon Press)
          % Has diffusion equation (p. 55) and point burst solution (p~183).
          % Fick's law is on p. 228 and 268, but not discussed usefully.



\bibitem[Mazzli(2001a)]{mazzali2001a} Mazzali, P. A. 2001, MNRAS 321, 341
      % 
      % ADS reference.
      % Title:  On the presence of silicon and carbon in the pre-maximum spectrum of the Type Ia SN.
      % Presents evidence for C II 6580.
      % Also evidence for high-velocity Si II.




\bibitem[Mazzli(2006)]{mazzali2006} Mazzali, P. A. 2006, private communication 
      % Confirmed that he has used giant steps for some time
      % for practical calculations for SN with time dependence. 
      % He's run some tests, but never published the work. 



\bibitem[Mazzali et al.(2005)]{mazzali2005}
        Mazzali, P. A., Benetti, S., Branch, D., Deng, J., Maeda, K., Nomoto, K., \& Hamuy, M. 2005, 
        MNRAS, 357, 200 
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  High-velocity features in the spectra of the Type Ia supernova SN 1999ee: 
        % a property of the explosion or evidence of circumstellar interaction?
        % They tentatively identify HV Si II.



\bibitem[Mazzali et al.(1998)]{mazzali1998}
        Mazzali, P. A., Cappellaro, E., Danziger, I. J., Turatto, M., \&~Benetti, S. 1998, \apj, 499, L49 
        % Iron-core radii and FWHM for Ia's from the nebular epoch from 100 plus days after explosion.
        % The model velocities are in the range 8000--10500 km/s except 91bg is at about 2000 km/s.
        % P. 162 of mazzali1997 says they use a uniform density core for the nebular modeling.
        % I assume they still used that for mazzali1998 though not explicitly mentioned.



\bibitem[Mazzali et al.(1997)]{mazzali1997}
        Mazzali, P. A., Chugai, N., Turatto, M., Lucy, L. B., Danziger, I. J., Cappellaro, E.,
        Della Valle, M., \&~Benetti, S. 1997, \mnras, 284, 151 
        % 91bg.  M_Ni56=0.07 M_sun 
        % He finds a small iron-core with transition from 1600 to 5000 km/s on p. 168.
        % But it is a Chandrasekhar mass model with a W7-like density profile:  i.e., an exponential one.
        % P. 162 says they use a uniform density core for the nebular modeling.
        % I assume they still used that for mazzali1998 though not explicitly mentioned. 



\bibitem[Mazzali et al.(1995)]{mazzali1995}
        Mazzali, P. A., Danziger, I.J., \& Turatto, M. 1995, A\&A, 297, 509
        % ADS reference. 
        % Title:  A study of the properties of the peculiar SN IA 1991T through models of its evolving early-time spectrum.
        % Paolo argues for the sandwich IPE,IME,IPE.
        % Figure 8 shows the mystery 9500 A absorption which is probably an artifact.




\bibitem[Mazzali et al.(2000)]{mazzali2000}
        Mazzali, P. A., Iwamoto, K., Nomoto, K. 2000, \apj, 545, 407
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % A Spectroscopic Analysis of the Energetic Type Ic Hypernova SN 1997EF.
        % Paolo calls it a hypernovae and gives V max as 1997dec10 which is nearly UVOIR bolometric max.
        % He finds a rise time of about 18 days.



\bibitem[Mazzali \& Lucy(1993)]{mazzali1993} Mazzali, P. A., \& Lucy, L. B. 1993, \aap, 279, 447
      % ADS reference
      % Title:  The application of Monte Carlo methods to the synthesis of early-time supernovae spectra.



\bibitem[Mazzali et al.(1993)]{mazzali1993} 
         Mazzali, P. A., Lucy, L. B., Danziger, I. J., Gouiffes, C., Cappellaro, E., \& Turatto, M. 1993, A\&A, 269, 423
         %ADS reference.    
         % Title:  Models for the early-time spectral evolution of the 'standard' type IA supernova 1990N.




\bibitem[Mazzali et al.(2001)]{mazzali2001}
        Mazzali, P. A., Nomoto, K., Cappellaro, E., Nakamura, T., 
        Umeda, H., \&~Iwamoto, K. 2001, \apj, 547, 988, arXiv:astro-ph/0009490v1
        %
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Can Differences in the Nickel Abundance 
        % in Chandrasekhar-Mass Models Explain the Relation between 
        % the Brightness and Decline Rate of Normal Type IA Supernovae?  
        % Yes.
        % But more importantly, this is the paper which used giant steps surreptitiously.
        % But the light curve calculations were just mean opacity calculations.
        % Paolo claims speed-up factor of 10 with accuracy 
        % of a few percent.  But greater speed-ups might
        % be possible if one is willing to risk more error. 



\bibitem[McCall(1984)]{mccall1984} McCall, M. L. 1984, \mnras, 210, 829
     % his line polarization theory paper.
     % He does think in terms of axisymmetric ellipsoidal supernova
     % models for polarization.



\bibitem[McCall(1985)]{mccall1985} McCall, M. L. 1985,
        in Supernovae as Distance Indicators,
        ed.~N.~Bartel (Berlin:  Springer-Verlag), 48.
        % theory and results of line polarization: 83G Ia and 83N Ib.
        % The spectropolarimetry of 83N Ibis the first fairly
        % definite proof of SN asymmetry.  The data was over
        % 3700--5200 A range taken on 1983jul18, one day after
        % V max as assumed from IUE FES band (Panagia unpublished)
        % by Branch.  The most prominent polarization
        % feature was a polarization dip across an Fe II blend
        % flux emission feature (perhaps with an H\beta cutting
        % into it??).  This feature showed a dip from 1.4 % to
        % 0.8 %.  The position angle was constant (over the
        % line or over the whole spectropolarimetry is unclear in
        % the paper).  Constant position angle suggests that
        % ISP is aligned orthogonal to axisymmetric intrinsic
        % supernova polarization p.a.  Since alignment is improbable,
        % the ISP may be low.  That the dip occurred across an
        % emission feature is what is expected of intrinsic
        % polarization:  supports the idea that ISP is low.
        % Leda (Schl.) give E(B-V)_Gal=.07 and so by the Serkowski
        % Galactic empirical rule P_Max_Gal=.63 %.  This is consistent
        % with much lower ISP.
        % Intrinsics continuum polarization of 1.4 % for the
        % ellipsoidal-like models suggests of order 50 % asymmetry.
        % Huge and unlikely if 83N is in the Ib's that are all alike.
        % Evidence for the jet model?
        % But the jet model would predict lots of line polarization
        % features that Marshall doesn't mention, but then the
        % data were never fully reduced or published.


\bibitem[McCall(2001)]{mccall01} McCall, M. L. 2001, private communication
        % From mccall@aries.phys.yorku.ca Tue Jul 24 11:15:15 2001
        % From: "Marshall L. McCall" 
        %
        % Dear David,
        % Greetings from Toronto.  Yes, I do remember you.  Long time no see.
        % Glad to hear you are faring well.
        %
        % Funny you should ask about that spectrum.  Craig Wheeler asked
        % me about it, too, a few years ago, I am afraid to say that I
        % haven't done anything more on it.
        % I recall I was going to try to put the spectrum on a flux scale,
        % but never got around to it.  I just tried to find the
        % data on disk, but couldn't.  However, I do have a 9-track tape
        % with the original data on it, even written in FITS format.
        % I am not sure if it is still readable, though.
        %
        % What I have is a rather thick file with data, plots, programs,
        % logs, etc. in it.  Essentially, the spectropolarimetric analysis
        % was completed, but not fully checked.  I also have some
        % broad-band polarimetry in B, V, and R taken at the same time
        % as the spectropolarimetry by Bobbie Vaile, who was at Siding
        % Spring at the same time.  She was a graduate student at the time,
        % I don't think anyone in the world but me and her (and now you)
        % know about this.
        % Anyway, I was going to use the broad-band stuff as a check.
        %
        % I don't know what to do.  It would take me an incredible amount
        % of time to get up to speed on this again.  When would you need
        % this stuff?
        % Best wishes, % Marshall


\bibitem[McCrea(1984)]{mccrea1984} % \citealt[][p.~7--10]{mccrea1984} % on Lema\^itre
        McCrea, W. H. 1984,        % \citealt[][p.~9]{mccrea1984}     % ``isotope of the neutron''
        in The Big Bang and Georges Lema\^itre,
        Proceedings of a Symposium in Honour of G.~Lema\^itre Fifty Years
        After His Initiation of Big-Bang Cosmology, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium,
        10--13 October 1983
        (Dordrecht:  D.~Reidel Publishing Company), 3
        % p. 3--22
        % Title:  Physics and Comoslogy:  Some Interactions
/




\bibitem[McLaughlin(1963)]{mclaughlin1963} McLaughlin, D. B.  1963, PASP, 75, 133 
        %
        % ADS reference     
        % The spectrum of the type I supernova of 1954 in NGC 4214. 
        % McLaughlin identified them in 1963.
        % This is Dean B. McLaughlin:  a much older namesake unrelated astronomer Dean E. McLaughlin.


\bibitem[McQuarrie(1976)]{mcquarrie1976} McQuarrie, D. A. 1976,
          Statistical Mechanics
          (New York:  Harper \& Row Publishers)
          % Has diffusion equation (p. 386) and fundamental solution in 1-d on p. 387.
          % The 3-d solution is on p. 456.
          % One of the very few books that have the 3-d solution.

    

\bibitem[Meagher(1989)]{meagher1989} Meagher, R. E. 1989,
        Mortal Vision:  The Wisdom of Euripides
        (New York:  St.~Martin's Press)
        % Seems a good book for the layperson on Euripides.
        % Perhaps he's got everything nearly right.  
        % There's been an awful lot written and some of it
        % pretty far-fetched it seems.
        % I kind of like Philip Vellacott's book, but maybe
        % some of his theses are not sustainable.
        % PA 3978 .M39 1989 at University of Oklahoma.
        % Literary book.  History book.  Poetry book.

    

\bibitem[Meakin et al.(2010)]{meakin2010} Meakin, C. A, Sukhbold, T., \& Arnett, W. D.  2010, 
        Proc.~High Energy Density Laboratory Astrophysics conference, Caltech, March 2010,
        special issue A\&SS, arXiv:1006.0513
        %ADS reference.  
        % Title:  Presupernova Structure of Massive Stars
        % A good little starting review for modern stellar structure calculations.



\bibitem[Meikle et al.(1996)]{meikle1996} Meikle, W. P. S., et al.  1996, MNRAS, 281, 263
        %
        % ADS reference
        % Title:  An early-time infrared and optical study of the Type IA supernovae SN 1994D and 1991T.
        % 20 odd coauthors.
        % The He I 10830 identification in NIR is discussed and the alternate of Mg II 10926.




\bibitem[M\'endez(1990)]{mendez1990} M\'endez, M. 1990, private communication
        % The private communication of M\'endez about the ISP toward
        % SN 1987A which has never been
        % published.   I trust it is all right.



\bibitem[Mermin(1968)]{mermin1968} Mermin, N. D. 1968,
        Space and Time in Special Relativity
        (New York:  McGraw-Hill Book Company), (Mer)
        % A short book on special relativity for the layperson
        % and the bewildered physics teacher who usually gets along by
        % ``comfortable superficiality and mild dishonesty''.



\bibitem[Metcalf et al.(2004)]{metcalf2004} Metcalf, M., Reid, J., \&~Cohen, M. 2004,
          Fortran 95/2003 Explained
          (Oxford:  Oxford University Press) (MRC)
          % Pretty good reference book.
          % Sometimes it drifts off into computer scientist babble. 



\bibitem[Metcalf \&~Charbonneau]{metcalf2002}
         Metcalf, T. S., \& Charbonneau, P. 2002, astro-ph/0208315
         % genetic algorithms



 \citep[e.g.,][p.~411ff]{mihalas1978} 
\bibitem[Mihalas(1978)]{mihalas1978} Mihalas, D. 1978, Stellar Atmospheres,
        (San Francisco:  W. H. Freeman and Company)
        % The radiative transfer bible:  now a bit dated.
        % (Mi-55,72) 
        %   The grey atmosphere effective temperature formulae. 



\bibitem[Mihalas(1980)]{mihalas1980} Mihalas, D. 1980, \apj, 237, 574
        % comoving frame radiative transfer in spherical symmetry by
        % the difference method.
            % Paper VI on the CMF formalism:  relativistic flows.
            % This paper gives the full spherical CMF equations
            % of transfer and treats some example problems
            % including the moving spherical grey problem.



\bibitem[Mihalas \&~Mihalas(1984)]{mihalas1984}
         Mihalas, D., \&~Mihalas, B. W. 1984, Foundations of
         Radiation Hydrodynamics (Oxford:  Oxford Univ.~Press)
         % the not-so New Testament of radiative transfer.



\bibitem[Milne et al.(1999)]{milne1999}  Milne, P. A., The, L.-S.,
         \& Leising, M. D. 1999, ApJS, 124, 503 
        % 
        % ADS reference. 
        % Title:  Positron Escape from Type IA Supernovae.
        % Positron escape and survival with radial B-field and trapping tangled B-field.
        % There is survival for 2000 days in either case.  See p. 523.
        % Positron transport needed for t>=200 days.



\bibitem[Milne et al.(2001)]{milne2001}  Milne, P. A., The, L.-S.,
         \& Leising, M. D. 2001, ApJ, 559, 1019
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Late Light Curves of Type Ia Supernovae
            % More on positron escape from Type Ia's.
            % It happens it seems.
            % After day 50 the V band seems to have about a constant
            % (25%) of the bolometric lumenosity and surves as a good
            % surrogate.



\bibitem[Min et al.(2009)]{min2009}  \citep[e.g.,][]{min2009} 
         Min, M., Dullemond, C. P., Dominik, C., de Koter, A., \&~Hovenier, J. W.
         2009, A\&A, 497, 155 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Radiative transfer in very optically thick circumstellar disks. 
         % An astrophysical application of fleck1984's macrostep random monte carlo
         % (aka giantsteps).
         % \citep[e.g.,][]{min2009} 
         % they cite \citep{fleck1984}
         %  \bibitem[Fleck \& Canfield(1984)]{fleck1984} for the diffusion approximation accleration, p. 3
         %  \citep[][]{jeffery2007b}
         % \bibitem[Jeffery \&~Mazzali(2007)]{jeffery2007b}




\bibitem[Mishra \& Molinaro(2021)]{mishra2021}
         Mishra, S., \& Molinaro, R. 2021, JQSRT, 270, arXiv:2009.13291
         % arXiv:2009.13291
         % Title:  Physics Informed Neural Networks for Simulating Radiative Transfer.



\bibitem[Misra et al.(2005)]{misra2005}
         Misra, K., Kamble, A. P., Bhattacharya, D., \& Sagar, R.
         MNRAS, 360, 662
         % 
         % ADS Reference
         % Title:  Multiband optical photometry and bolometric light curve of the Type Ia supernova 2004S.
         % No spectra I guess.
         % Their Bmax 2004feb03.92  (JD 2453039.42 +/- 0.64).



\bibitem[Moore \&~Merrill(1968)]{moore1968}
            Moore, C.~E., \&~Merrill, P.~W. 1968, in {NSRDS--NBS}~{23},
            {Partial Grotrian Diagrams of Astrophysical Interest}
            (Washington, DC:  Government Printing Office),
            https://www.nist.gov/srd/national-standard-reference-data-series,
            https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/NSRDS/nbsnsrds23.pdf
            % A handy reference for simple Grotrian diagrams.
            % There must be better ones, but it's the one I have.
            % NIST download site.
            % It's not clear if this work is considered public domain or under
            % copyright to the US government or one or both of the authors.
            % Also available as here
            % pdf or
            % postscript.



\bibitem[Motz \&~Duveen(1977)]{motz1977}
            Motz, L., \&~Duveen, A. 1977,
            {Essentials of Astronomy}
            (New York:  Columbia University Press) (Mo)
            % An old textbook, but it has some details
            % that are just hard to find elsewhere such
            % as on eclipse seasons on p. 128. 
            % Mo-128

(return to top)


N



\bibitem[Nahar(1995)]{nahar1995} Nahar, S. 1995, A\&A, 293, 967
        % ``Atomic Data from the Iron Project:  VII. Radiative Dipole Transition
        %   Probabilities for Fe II'' .
        % There is no astro-ph reference.
        % See p. 968 & 976 for the 769 measured energy levels by Johansson
        % but some are reported here by private communication to Sultana.



\bibitem[Natta \& Beckwith(1986)]{natta1986}
        Natta, A., \&~Beckwith, S. 1986, A\&A, 158, 310
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Brightness distribution for resonant line photons in spherical envelopes.
        % Monte-Carlo tests with some Sobolev remarks.
        % The Sobolev lack of diffusion in strong lines is discussed
        % on p.~320.



\bibitem[Neugebauer(1969)]{neugebauer1969}
           Neugebauer, O. 1969, {\it The Exact Sciences in Antiquity} (New York:  Dover) (Ne)
           % A short but good account of some facets of Mesopotamian, Egyptian,
           % and Greek mathematics and astronomy.  A bit dated.
           % Otto Neugebauer (1899--1990)
           % Ne-???
% See also
Neugebauer, O. 1969, {\it The Exact Sciences in Antiquity}


     \bibitem[Nicolson(1999)]{nicolson1999}
     Nicolson, I. 1999, Unfolding Our Universe
     (Cambridge, UK:  Cambridge University Press) (Ni)
     Somewhat dated.  As with all good
     intro astro books, there are some points he discusses that
     others evade.  But overall it's pretty light.  It's really
     a coffee table book rather than an intro astro text.
     % Ni-???


\bibitem[Nisenson \&~Papaliolios(1999)]{nisenson1999} Nisenson, P.,
        \&~Papaliolios, C. 1999, \apj, 518, L29, astro-ph/9904109
        % The re-analysis of early speckle imagining of 87A
        % reveals two bright spots which may be opposite bipolar
        % jets moving at v/c of .8!  The stops are on the
        % plane of the sky project, but if the analysis i
        % correct are 80 degrees shifted from the long axis
        % of the inner ejecta which is a difficulty if both
        % spots and long axis are to be explained by one pair
        % bipolar jets.



\bibitem[NIST(2005)]{nist2005} NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) 2005,
        Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions with Relative Atomic Masses  (Gaithersberg, Maryland:  NIST),
        http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Compositions/index.html
        %  Atomic Weights, etc. 



\bibitem[NIST(2006a)]{nist2006a} NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) 2006,
        The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainties (Gaithersberg, Maryland:  NIST),
        http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/
        %  CODATA 2002 fundamental constants.
        % All values ASCII.



\bibitem[NIST(2006b)]{nist2006b} NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) 2006,
        NIST Atomic Spectra Database Version 3.1.0 (Gaithersberg, Maryland:  NIST),
        http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/
        % 2006 was the last update and presumably that is version 3.1.0
        % I've tried my best for a proper ApJ reference
        % A great resource for atomic levels and lines.



\bibitem[NIST(2007)]{nist2007} NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) 2007,
        NIST Atomic Spectra Database Version 3.1.1 (Gaithersberg, Maryland:  NIST),
        http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/ASD/
        % Online.
        % 2007march was the last update and presumably that is version 3.1.1.
        % I've tried my best for a proper ApJ reference
        % A great resource for atomic levels and lines.
        % Not a great resource for Grotrian diagrams.
        % There online diagram builder is clonky and for some ions:  e.g., Co III. 
        % Not yet a replacement for 
        % Moore & Merrill (1968).

% nomotok




\bibitem[Nomoto et al.(1982)]{nomoto1982}
        Nomoto, K. 1982, \apj, 257, 780
        %
        % ADS Reference.
        % Title:  Accreting white dwarf models for type 1 supernovae. II - Off-center detonation supernovae.
        % He detonations on WDs.  Both single that don't disrupt the stars and double where a carbon detonation
        % wave propagates inward.  The ejecta is most 
        % These objects have no observational counterpart. 



\bibitem[Nomoto et al.(1982)]{nomoto1982}
        Nomoto, K. 1991, private communication to Ruiz-Lapuente et al. (1992)
        % Nomoto et al.'s (1984) C8 turned into
        % delayed detonation in the outermost layers which were dominated by Ni-56.
        % That paper failed to mention the Ni-56, but this private communication to
        % Ruiz-Lapuente et al. (1992)
        % gave that fact out.



\bibitem[Nomoto et al.(1990)]{nomoto1990}
        Nomoto, K., Filippenko, A. V., Shigeyama, T.  1990, A\&A, 240, L1 
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % The type IC supernova 1987M - Core collapse of a low-mass helium star in a binary system.



\bibitem[Nomoto \& Kondo(1991)]{nomoto1991}
         Nomoto, K., \& Kondo, Y. 1991, \apj, 367, L19 
         % On WD collapse to neutron stars or explosions. 



\bibitem[Nomoto et al.(1976)]{nomoto1976}
         Nomoto, K., Sugimoto, D., \& Neo, S. 1976, Ap\&SS, 39, L37
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Carbon deflagration supernova, an alternative to carbon detonation.
         % An ealier paper on the failure of carbon detonation in carbon-oxygen cores
         % and thus deflagration, but this is not WD but an extended star with a CO core.




\bibitem[Nomoto et al.(1984)]{nomoto1984} 
         Nomoto, K., Thielemann, F.-K., \&~Yokoi, K. 1984, \apj, 286, 644 
         % The original W7 paper.
         % Here the iron peak yield is .86 solar masses



\bibitem[Nomoto et al.(1994)]{nomoto1994}
    Nomoto, K., Yamaoka, H., Shigeyama, T., Kumagai, S., \& Tsujimoto, T. 1994, in Supernovae:
    Session~LIV of the Les~Houches \'Ecole d'\'Et\'e de Physique
    Th\'eorique, ed.~S.~A.~Bludman, R.~Mochkovitch, \&~J.~Zinn-Justin
    (Amsterdam:  North-Holland), 199 
    % Type I Supernovae and Evolution of Interacting Binaries. 
    % On p. 219--220, they say Ia's would be dim without reheating, but
    % they don't say how dim.  I think it is usually unobservably dim, but 
    % no one seems to say.  They are the explosion experts and so one 
    % can trust them on adiabatic cooling.



\bibitem[North(1994)]{north1994} North, J. 1994,  % citet[]{p.~528,530--531]{north1994}
        The Norton History of Astronomy and Cosmology (New York:  W.W. Norton \& Company),
        see Amazon entry for
        % A good history of all of astronomy by John North.
        % But the fact is that really the whole history can't be covered in one
        % book any more.  One can do up to 1900 and then after that the subject
        % becomes just too different.
        %
        % I have to confess though that the students in my history of
        % science course at Vanderbilt (1995--1996) didn't like it as a
        % text even though it was comparatively cheap.  Maybe it wasn't
        % pre-digested enough.  But at some point students just have
        % start reading books for adults.
        % No-???



\bibitem[Nugent et al.(1997)]{nugent1997}
         Nugent, P., Baron, E., Branch, D., Fisher, A., \&~Hauschildt, P. 1997 \apj, 485, 812
         %
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Synthetic Spectra of Hydrodynamic Models of Type IA Supernovae.
         % Helium-igniters are too blue to be real and their lines are wrong too.



\bibitem[Nugent et al.(1995)]{nugent1995}
         Nugent, P., Phillips, M., Baron, E., Branch, D., \&~Hauschildt, P. 1995 \apj, 455, L147 
         %
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Evidence for a Spectroscopic Sequence among Type 1a Supernovae. 
         % The luminosity sequence reproduces the range of Ia's with > 8000 km/s mixed W7 composition
         % and v_e=900 km/s which is probably too steep.
         % In the last paragraph they concede the agreement with 91T would be improved by reducing IMEs,
         % and by implication increasing IPEs maybe. 



\bibitem[N\"usslein-Volhard(2006)]{nuesslein-volhard2006} N\"usslein-Volhard, C. 2006,
        Developmental Biology:  An Intelligent Primer (Carlsbad, California:  Kales Press)
        % Science review
        % It's short and tells all---about drosophilia.
        % From the review one also learns that in his spare time from being a cosmologist
        % Sean Carroll is also a developmental biologist---who would have thought it.



\bibitem[N\"usslein-Volhard(2006b)]{nuesslein-volhard2006b} N\"usslein-Volhard, C. 2006,
        Coming to Life:  How Genes Drive Development (San Diego, California:  Kales Press)
        % It's at Bizzell and it's short.
        % QH 453 .N8713 2006


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O



\bibitem[O'Donnell(1994)]{o'donnell1994} O'Donnell, J. E. 1994, ApJ, 422, 158
        % An update to the optical region of the Cardelli, Clayton,
        % \&~Mathis 1989 extinction law.  I call the new law
        % the CCMO law.


 
\bibitem[O'Raifeartaigh et al.(2015)]{oraifeartaigh2015}
        O'Raifeartaigh, C., O'Keeffe, M.,  Nahm, W, \& Mitton, S. 2015,
Einstein's cosmology review of 1933:
               a new perspective on the Einstein-de Sitter model of the cosmos
%  \citealt{oraifeartaigh2015}
% (O'Raifeartaigh et al. 2015)



\bibitem[O'Raifeartaigh(2019)]{oraifeartaigh2019}
        O'Raifeartaigh, C. 2019, arXiv:1906.08678v1
%       Title: Historical and Philosophical Aspects of the Einstein World



\bibitem[O'Raifeartaigh et al.(2017)]{oraifeartaigh2017}
        O'Raifeartaigh, C., O'Keeffe, M.,  Nahm, W, \& Mitton, S. 2017,
        arXiv:1701.07261
%       Title: Einstein's 1917 Static Model of the Universe: A Centennial Review



\bibitem[Olson(1982)]{olson1982} Olson, G. L. 1982, \apj, 255, 267
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  An escape probability treatment of doublet resonance lines in expanding stellar winds.
        % The Sobolev doublet paper.
        % As I recall Olson builds pretty directly on
        % Rybicki & Hummer (1978)




\bibitem[Olson, Auer, \& Buchler(1986)]{olson1986} Olson, G. L., Auer, L. H., \& Buchler, J. R. 1986, JQSRT, 35, 431 
        % ADS reference.   
        % Title:  A rapidly convergent iterative solution of the non-LTE line radiation transfer problem.
        % The paper is not available online.
        % This maybe the paper with good discussion of the Ng acceleration. 
        % Hubeny & Lanz say so p. 504. 



\bibitem[Olson \& Kunasz(1987)]{olson1987} Olson, G. L., \& Kunasz, P. B. 1987, JQSRT, 38, 325 
        % ADS reference. 
        % Title:  Short characteristic solution of the non-LTE line transfer problem by operator perturbation. I. - The 
        % one-dimensional planar slab.
        % The paper is not available online.
        % I've reprint of it in the folder public_not. 



\bibitem[Ohanian(1988)]{ohanian1988}
         Ohanian, H. C. 1988, {\it Classical Electrodynamics}
         (Boston:  Allyn and Bacon, Inc.)
         % Has some good things on currents and Ohm's law 257--261. 



\bibitem[Oppenheim(1964)]{oppenheim1964} 
         Oppenheim, A. L. 1964, Ancient Mesopotamia:  Portrait of a Dead
         Civilization (Chicago:  University of Chicago Press) 
         % A very elegant and persuasively written book.  Lots of
         % strong opinions.
         % It's no doubt very dated by now.
         % History book.



\bibitem[Osterbrock(1989)]{osterbrock1989} Osterbrock, D. E. 1989,
         Astrophysics of the Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei
         (Mill Valley, California:  University Science Books)
         % A classic text, but there is a newer edition I think.



\bibitem[Ostriker \&~Bodenheimer(1968)]{ostriker1968} Ostriker, J. P, \&~Bodenheimer, P. 1968, \apj, 151, 1089 
        % Rotating WDs using Chandrasekhar equation of state. 



\bibitem[Overbye(1992)]{overbye1992} Overbye, D. 1992, 
         Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos:  The Scientific
         Quest for the Secret of the Universe 
         (New York:  HarperPerennial)
         % It tells a good story in novelistic fashion.
         % I once heard someone say it wasn't very accurate.
         % Perhaps they meant the novelistic style conveyed nuances that
         % may be inaccurate.  But if one is really going to know what
         % these people thought and felt, some boldness is necessary.
         % Perhaps like literature it should be read to be universal truth
         % with caution about the particulars.
         %
         % Actually, the book's only lasting value will be as literature.
         % The historical phase of cosmological science the book details
         % will inevitably become just an episode between the heroic
         % period of Einstein and the cosmology of the future---which
         % as actually arrived by now in 2007.
         % The contributions of the players of the book
         % will have only the importance
         % of a necessary part of the future whole:  the future whole
         % being a moving target for as far as we can see.
         % As particular individuals---actual persons---this book may
         % well be the monument of Sandage and the others.
         % History book.  Science book.



\bibitem[Owocki(2009)]{owocki2009} Owocki, S. 2009, in 
         Recent Directions in Astrophysical Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiation Hydrodynamics:
         Proceedings of the International Conference in Honor of Dimitri Mihalas for His Lifetime Scientific 
         Contributions on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday. AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 1171, 173 
         % ADS reference.
         % Interesting update on line-driven winds.  Lots of formalism to catch up on.




\bibitem[Ozawa(2012)]{ozawa2012}
         Ozawa, M. 2012, arXiv:1201.5334v1
         % Quant-ph reference
         % 29 pages, Latex, originally published in Sugaku, Volume 61-2, 2009, pp. 113-132 (in Japanese)
         % Title:  Mathematical foundations of quantum information: Measurement and foundations
         % See p. 11ff
 

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\bibitem[Padel(2005)]{padel2005} Padel, R. 2005,
         Tigers in Red Weather (Erewhon:  Little, Brown)
         % Wikipedia:  Ruth Padel:  poet, scholar,
         % travel writer.
         % The book is all about the fate of tigers.  Well reviewed.
         % Travel book.



\bibitem[Paget(1951)]{paget1951} Paget, R. T. 1951,
        Manstein:  Hist Campaigns and His Trial (London:  Collins Clear-Type Press) 
        % Erich von Manstein (1887--1973)
        % (Wikipedia).  Sometimes cited as the most brilliant WWII German general.
        % This book is by his defence attorney.
        % He was convicted on some of the charges.
        % Whatever his legal guilt, there is no doubt of moral guilt in putting his
        % talents in the service Hitler. 
        % History book.  Biography book. 



\bibitem[Planck(2015)]{planck2015}
         Planck 2015, Ade, P.A.R., et al. 2015, \A&A, 594, A13,
         arXiv:1502.01589 (Planck 2015)
         % 
         % arXiv reference
         % Title:  Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters
         % 200 + coauthors
         % Wonderful data


% \citep[e.g.,][p.~68]{planck2018}
\bibitem[Planck(2018)]{planck2018}
    Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters, 2018, arXiv:1807.06209
    % arXiv:1807.06209
    % Title:  Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters



\bibitem[Panagia et al.(20060)]{panagia2006}
         Panagia, N., Van Dyk, S. D., Weiler, K. W., Sramek, R. A., Stockdale, C. J., \& Murata, K. P.
         2006, \apj, 646, 369 
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % A Search for Radio Emission from Type Ia Supernovae.
         % The find no detectable emission and M_loss =< 3*10**(-8) M_sun/yr, and it may be down
         % to nothing.   Perhaps SNe Ia are usually surrounded by just ISM? 



\bibitem[Panagia et al.(1980)]{panagia1980}
        Panagia, N. et al.  1980, MNRAS, 192, 861 
        % 27 coauthors
        % Coordinated optical, ultraviolet, radio, and X-ray observations of SN 1979C in M100.



\bibitem[Panagia et al.(1987)]{panagia1987}
        Panagia, N. et al.  1987, preprint 
        % This is the infamous unpublished preprint on SN 1983N Ib in  NGC 5236 (M83).
        % Lightcurves and spectra I suppose.
        % It was never published or finished, but it circulated as a preprint and was
        % widely cited.  Some folks may have copies of it.
        % I asked Nino about why this paper was never finished, and he said something about
        % time passing.




\bibitem[Pang(1997)]{pang1997} Pang, T. 1997,
        An Introduction to Computational Physics
        (Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press)
        % My old friend Tao's intro book.  



\bibitem[Pankey(1962)]{pankey1962}
         Pankey, T., Jr. 1962, Ph.D.~thesis, Howard University
         % The original suggestion of the Ni56 decay chain for
         % power SNe~Ia (or only SNe~I as they were then thought)
         % I've never seen this work.  Who has?  What does it really say?
         % The noticed first suggestion was by
         % Colgate & McKee (1969)



\bibitem[Paresce(1990)]{paresce1990}
             Paresce, F. 1990, Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Camera
             Instrument Handbook:  Version~2.0 (Baltimore:  STScI)
             % FOC handbook
             % Paresce is the only name on the book though he sort of calls
             % himself editor.
             % He discusses the HST FOC filters 
             % F175W (peak 1730 A, FWHM 714 A)
             % F275W (peak 2740 A, FWHM 594 A)
             % F342W (peak 3400 A, FWHM 706 A) 
             % I discusses the 92A observations in these filters in Kirshner et al.
             % (1993, p. 594).



\bibitem[Parrent et al.(2007)]{parrent2007}
        Parrent, J., et al. 2007, PASP, 119, 135 
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  ``Direct Analysis of Spectra of the Unusual Type Ib Supernova 2005bf''
        % 9 coauthors: Parrent, J., Branch, D., Troxel, M. A., Casebeer, D., 
        % Jeffery, D. J., Ketchum, W., Baron, E., Serduke, F. J. D., \&~Filippenko, A. V.  
        % But actually I'd say based on other papers that it is a Ibc.
        % I contributed local normalization and editorial help.



\bibitem[Parthasarathy et al.(2006)]{parthasarathy2006}
        Parthasarathy, M., Branch, D., Baron, E., \& Jeffery, D. J. 2006, 
        Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India, in press, astro-ph/0611033
        % http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0611033
        % Partha's low disperson spectrum of 87A and some discussion of the progenitor. 



\bibitem[Parthasarathy et al.(2007)]{parthasarathy2007}
        Parthasarathy, M., Branch, D., Jeffery, D. J., \&~Baron, E. 2007,
        New Astronomy Reviews, 51, 524--538, arXiv:astro-ph/0703415 
        % Title:  The Progenitors of Type~Ia Supernovae:  
        % Binary Stars with White Dwarf Companions.
        % A review paper.  It's not the complete story, but it is compact coverage from the
        % star type perspective.   My contribution was editorial.



\bibitem[Pasachoff & Filippenko(2001)]
Pasachoff, J. M., & Filippenko, A.  2001,
     The Cosmos:  Astronomy in the New Millennium
     (Fort Worth, Texas:  Harcourt College Publishers) (PF)
     % A soon to be dated book.  As all good intro astro books do,
     % it has some material not found elsewhere.  Overall it seems
     % a bit lighter than most.
     % I know Alex Filippenko.
     % (PF-???)



        Pastorello, A., et al. 2007, MNRAS, 377, 1531
        %
        % ADS Reference.
        % Title:  ESC and KAIT observations of the transitional Type Ia SN 2004eo.
        % Infinite coauthors.
        % It's actually a pretty normal Ia.
        % Good sequence of spectra in Figure 8.  Shows the evolution of the Si II line
        % double component to glitch at +30 relative to B maximum.



\bibitem[Patat et al.(1996)]{patat1996} 
        Patat, F., Benetti, S., Cappellaro, E., Danziger, I. J., della Valle, M., Mazzali, P. A., \&~Turatto, M.
        1996, MNRAS, 278, 111 
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % The type IA supernova 1994D in NGC 4526: the early phases
        % B max on 1994mar21.




\bibitem[Patat et al.(2001)]{patat2001} Patat, F., et al. 2001, \apj, 555, 900 
        %
        % ADS Reference
         % 46 coauthors including all the usual suspects.
         % The Metamorphosis of SN 1998bw.
         % The big ESO paper on light curves and spectra.



\bibitem[Paturel et al.(2003)]{paturel2003} 
        Paturel, G., Petit, C., Prugniel, Ph., Theureau, G., Rousseau, J., Brouty, M., Dubois, P., \&~Cambr\'esy, L.
        2003, A\&A, 412, 45,
        http://leda.univ-lyon1.fr/ 
        % Leda.
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % 8 coauthors is the apj limit.
        % HYPERLEDA. I. Identification and designation of galaxies.
        % This Leda's preferred reference. 
        % Sometimes Leda is all capitals sometimes just the first letter.  
        % Since it is a proper name---we all recall her encounter 
        % with Zeus in his swan-suit---I prefer the latter.


 % \citep{pavlakis1996}
\bibitem[Pavlakis \& Kylafis(1996)]{pavlakis1996}
         Pavlakis, K. G., \&~Kylafis, N. D. 1996, ApJ, 467, 292
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  A Generalization of the Sobolev Method for Radiation Transport with Local 
         % and Nonlocal Line Overlap
         % The Sobolev method for overlapping lines.
         % A pretty gruesome-looking formalism.
         % If you want do to overlapping lines, you should probably
         % go to the CMF formalism or use Monte Carlo. 



\bibitem[Paz \&~Zurek(2001)]{paz2001}
    Paz, J. P., \&~Zurek, W. H. 2001, in Coherent Atomic Matter Waves:
    Session~LXXII of the Les~Houches \'Ecole d'\'Et\'e de Physique
    Th\'eorique, ed.~R.~Kaiser, C.~Westbrook, \&~F.~David
    (Berlin:  Springer), 533, arXiv:quant-ph/0010011v1 
    % Amazon ad
    % Quant-ph reference
    % A review of decoherence.  Probably still pretty useful, but before the envariance concept.




\bibitem[Peebles(1984)]{peebles1984} % \citealt[][p.~23--30]{peebles1984} % on lema\^i tre
        Peebles, P. J. E. 1984,        % \citealt[][p.~28]{peebles1984}   % Bondi-Tolman solution
        in The Big Bang and Georges Lema\^itre,
        Proceedings of a Symposium in Honour of G.~Lema\^itre Fifty Years
        After His Initiation of Big-Bang Cosmology, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium,
        10--13 October 1983
        (Dordrecht:  D.~Reidel Publishing Company), 23
        % Title: Impact of Lema\^itre's Ideas on Modern Cosmology



\bibitem[Peraiah(1975)]{peraiah1975} Peraiah, A. 1975, A\&A, 40, 75
      % A. Peraiah 1975, A&A, 40, 75,
      %      Numerical solution of radiative transfer equation in extended spherical atmospheres
      %      with Rayleigh phase function:
      %      Sequel to
      %       A. PERAIAH, I. P. GRANT 1973,
      %      Journal of Applied Mathematics, 12, 75,
      %      Numerical Solution of the Radiative Transfer Equation in Spherical Shells.
      %  See also
      %  I.P. Grant, G.E. Hunt, 1968, JQSRT, 18, 1817,
      %       Radiative transfer in a Rayleigh scattering atmosphere:   you have to scoll down to the
      %       second article in the list.
      %       Equation (2.3) of
      %       Grant & Hunt (1968)
      %       is correct and same result equation (6)
      %       of Peraiah (1975)
      %       is wrong.
      %       Chandrasekhar (1960, p. 43) gives
      %       the correct result too.



\bibitem[Peraiah(2002)]{peraiah2002} Peraiah, A. 2002,
        An Introduction to Radiative Transfer:  Methods and Applications in Astrophysics 
        (Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press)
        % The 2002 classic of radiative transfer at least according at least according to
        % cousin Simon (Jeffery (2002)).
        % A sort of complement and update of some aspects of 
        %  Mihalas (1978).



\bibitem[Perlmutter et al.(1999)]{perlmutter1999}
        Perlmutter, S., et al. 1999, ApJ, 517, 565
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae.
        % Numerous coauthors.
        % One of the two discovery papers of the accelerating universe.
        % The other was
        % Schmidt et al. 1998.



\bibitem[Peterson et al.(1990)]{peterson1990}
        Peterson, C. C., Nagy, K. A, \&~Diamond, J. 1990, Proc.~Natl.~Acad.~Sci., 87, 2324
        % 
        % online reference.
        % Title:  Sustained Metabolic Scope.



\bibitem[Phillips(1993)]{phillips1993} Phillips, M. M. 1993, ApJ, 413, L105 
        % ApJ doesn't use ApJL, but it should.
        % The original modern SN Ia lightcurve width-luminosity relationship paper.
        % Pskovskii and Branch had earlier ideas about it, but their data was really
        % inconclusive.



\bibitem[Phillips et al.(1999)]{phillips1999} Phillips, M. M. 
        Lira, P., Suntzeff, N. B., Schommer, R. A., Hamuy, M., \& Maza, J. 
        1999, AJ, 118, 1766 
        % This is the follow up paper on the modern SN Ia lightcurve width-luminosity relationship.



\bibitem[Phillips et al.(1992)]{phillips1992} Phillips, M. M.,
        Wells, L. A., Suntzeff, N. B., Hamuy, M., Leibundgut, B., Kirshner, R. P., \& Foltz, C. B. 
        1992, AJ, 103, 1632
        %
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  SN 1991T - Further evidence of the heterogeneous nature of type IA supernovae.
        % Mostly photometry.




\bibitem[Phillips et al.(1987)]{phillips1987} Phillips, M. M., et al. 1987, PASP, 99, 592
         %
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  The type 1a supernova 1986G in NGC 5128 - Optical photometry and spectra.
         % On dimmish SN 1986G Ia.   It also had E(B-V) estimated to be .9.
         % 28 coauthors.



\bibitem[Phillips et al.(2006)]{phillips2006} 
         Phillips, M. M., et al. 2006, AJ, 131, 2615 
         %
         % ADS Reference.
         % 32 coauthors.
         % Title:  Optical and Near-Infrared Observations of the Peculiar Type ia Supernova 1999ac.



\bibitem[Phillips et al.(2007)]{phillips2007}
         Phillips, M. M., et al. 2006, PASP, 119, 360 
         %
         % ADS Reference.
         % 14+ coauthors.  
         % Title:  The Peculiar SN 2005hk: Do Some Type Ia Supernovae Explode as Deflagrations?
         % Bmax on JD 2453685.1 (Table 9.)



\bibitem[Piersanti et al.(2003)]{piersanti2003}
        Piersanti, L., Gagliardi, S., Iben, I., Jr., \& Tornamb\`e, A. 2003, \apj, 598, 1229 
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarf Accreting CO-Rich Matter. 
        % II. Self-Regulating Accretion Process up to the Explosive Stage
        % Merging WDs explode, not collapse.
        % They can exceed the Chandrasekhar mass before exploding.



\bibitem[Pignata et al.(2004)]{pignata2004}
        Pignata, G., et al. 2004, MNRAS, 355, 178 
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Photometric observations of the Type Ia SN 2002er in UGC 10743. 
        % 23 coauthors or so including you-know-who.
        % p. 185 for bmax of MJD 52524.2 +/- 0.5.



\bibitem[Pizzochero(1990)]{pizzochero1990}   % \citep[][p.~337]{pizzochero1990}
        Pizzochero, P. 1990, \apj, 354, 333 
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Pierre finds that core collapse SNe models have piecewise 
        % exponential density profiles.  He told me this at Elba I think. 
        % See p. 337--338.



\bibitem[Placzek(1947)]{placzek1947} Placzek, G. 1947,  Phys. Rev., 72, 556
          % A reference for the grey atmosphere limb-darkening function. 
          % A touch more information than Mihalas with more accurate numbers.
          % He is actually interested in neutron radiative transfer.



\bibitem[Plumb(1965)]{plumb1965} Plumb, J. H. (ed.) 1965,
        Renaissance Profiles (New York:  Harper & Row Publishers)
        % A set of essays on Renaissance celebrities.
        % Denis Mack Smith's essay on Federigo da Montefeltro
        % is the origin of my play on Federigo:
        % See  Poems and Three Plays.
        % Pope Pius II was also a pretty good fellow although he seems
        % to have replaced into a 
        % Waning of the Middle Ages mood.
        % History book.



\bibitem[Pointon(1978)]{pointon1978} Pointon, A. J. 1978,
        Introduction to Statistical Physics
        (London:  Longman Group Ltd.)



\bibitem[Pottle(1950)]{pottle1950} Pottle, F. A. (ed.) 1950,
        Boswell's London Journal:  1762--1763 (New York:  McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.) (Po)
        % James Boswell (1740--1795)
        % was such a genial rascal:  ``when the woman is already abandoned, the crime
        % must be alleviated, though in strict morality, illicit love is always wrong.''
        % (Po-333).
        % History book.  Biography book.  Travel book.



\bibitem[Press et al.(1989)]{press1989} Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A.,
        Vetterling, W. T., \& Flannery, B. P. 1989,
        Numerical Recipes:  The Art of Scientific Computing
        (Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press)
        % Bill should have given me a complimentary copy when
        % I co-taught with him in 1993!


\bibitem[Press et al.(1992)]{press1992} Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A.,
        Vetterling, W. T., \& Flannery, B. P. 1989,
        Numerical Recipes:  The Art of Scientific Computing
        (Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press)
        % Bill should have given me a complimentary copy when
        % I co-taught with him in 1993!


\bibitem[Press et al.(1992)]{press1992} Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A.,
        Vetterling, W. T., \& Flannery, B. P. 1992,
        Numerical Recipes in Fortran
        (Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press),
         http://library.lanl.gov/numerical/index.html
        % Numerical Recipes Online.
        % Bill should have given me a complimentary copy when
        % I co-taught with him in 1993!
        % But it's all on the web now.



\bibitem[Pun et al.(1995)]{pun1995}
    Pun, C. S. J., et al. 1995, ApJS, 99, 223 
    % 15 coauthors
    % Ultraviolet Observations of SN 1987A with the IUE Satellite.
    % In the day 1.7 post-explosion spectra one finds the Mg II 2798 P-Cygni line 
    % which is the mother of all P-Cygni lines with a blue-edge velocity of order 40000 km/s.
    % It's a bit hard to identify the blue edge.




\bibitem[Pusey et al.(2011)]{pusey2011}
    Pusey, M. F., Barrett, J., \& Rudolph, T. 2011, arXiv:1111.3328v1
    % 
    % Title:  The quantum state cannot be interpreted statistically
    % Some think this is super-important paper.  Time will tell.


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Q



\bibitem[Quimby et al.(2006)]{quimby2006}
    Quimby, R., H\"oflich, P.,  Kannappan, S. J., Rykoff, E., Rujopakarn, W., Akerlof, C. W., Gerardy, C. L.,
    \& Wheeler, J. C. 2006, ApJ, 636, 400
    % Title:  SN 2005cg: Explosion Physics and Circumstellar Interaction of a Normal Type Ia Supernova in 
    % a Low-Luminosity Host.
    % 
    % ADS refrence.
    % discovery on 2005jun01.
    % B max on 2005jun13.



\bibitem[Quimby et al.(2007)]{quimby2007}
    Quimby, R., H\"oflich, P.,  \& Wheeler, J. C. 2007, ApJ, 666, 1083 
    % 
    % ADS refrence.
    % Title:  SN 2005hj: Evidence for Two Classes of Normal-Bright SNe Ia and Implications for Cosmology
    % Maybe a super-chan or a slightly super-chan. 



\bibitem[Qiu et al.(1999)]{qiu1999}
    Qiu, Y., Li, W., Qiao, Q., \&~Hu, J. 1999, AJ, 117, 736 
    % 
     % ADS reference.
     % The Study of a Type IIB Supernova: SN 1996CB.
     % One of the few well observed IIb's.


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R



% \citep{rabinowitz1960}
\bibitem[Rabinowitz(1960)]{rabinowitz1960}
    Rabinowitz, P. 1960, Mathematics of Computation, 14, 47
    % Rabinowitz (1960).
    % Lobatto quadrature
    % Abscissas and Weights for Lobatto Quadrature of High Order
    % up to n=65 points



\bibitem[Rampino \&~Caldiera(1994)]{rampino1994}
    Rampino, M. R., \&~Caldiera, K. 1994, ARA\&A 32, 83                  
    % 1994.
    % Title:  The Goldilocks Problem: Climatic Evolution and Long-Term Habitability of Terrestrial Planets.
    % Now dated, but still a good starting source I'd guess.
    % Hardcopy in pdf format available online.
    % See http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/page/ApJ/instruct.html for ARAA=annual reviews A&A.
    % RC-???



\bibitem[Reichard et al.(2003)]{reichard2003}
    Reichard, T. A., et al.  2003, AJ, 125, 1711 
    % A Catalog of Broad Absorption Line Quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Early Data Release.
    % p. 1725 shows the ubiquitous Mg II emission line.




\bibitem[Richardson et al.(2006)]{richardson2006}
    Richardson, D., Branch, D., \&~Baron, E.  2006, \aj, 131, 2233
    % 
    % ADS reference. 
    % Title:  Absolute Magnitude Distributions and Light Curves of Stripped-Envelope Supernovae.
    % Dean's hybrid of Arnett's early light curve model and my late one.



\bibitem[Richardson et al.(2002)]{richardson2002}
    Richardson, D., Branch, D., Casebeer, D., Millard, J., Thomas, R. C., \&~Baron, E.  2002, \aj, 123, 745 
    % Title:  A Comparative Study of the Absolute Magnitude Distributions of Supernovae.
    % This includes the possible superluminous Ia SN 1988O:  B=-21.3 with H=70.
    % This is actually unbelievable, but even if one magnitude dimmer, it is still brighter than Ia SN 2003fg.



\bibitem[Richmond et al.(1994)]{richmond1994}
    Richmond, M. W., Treffers, R. R., Filippenko, A. V., Paik, Y., Leibundgut, B., Schulman, E., \& Cox, C. V.
    1994, AJ, 107, 1022
    % 
    % ADS reference.
     % UBVRI photometry of SN 1993J in M81: The first 120 days.
     % The UVOIR bolometric maximum was JD 2449094.70 +/- 1 (see p. 1035).  This is 1993apr17:4:48 = 17.2 exactly.
     % B maximum was 2449093.7 (see p. 1033).
     % V maximum was 2449095.0 (see p. 1033).
     % These are secondary maxima since there was a UV spike just after shock break-out:  the
     % decline from the spike was observed.
     % Estimate time of core collapse JD 2449074.4 +/- .2  (see p. 1029).  This is 1993mar27:21:36 = 27.9 exactly.
     % So bolometric rise time = 94.70-74.4 = 20.4 days.
     % See US Navy Observatory Julian Date Converter.



\bibitem[richmond et al.(1995)]{richmond1995}
    Richmond, M. W., et al.  1995, AJ, 109, 2121 
    % 
    % ADS reference.
     % 10 coauthors
     % UBVRI Photometry of the Type IA SN 1994D in NGC 4526



\bibitem[Riess et al.(1998)]{riess1998}
             Riess, A. G.,~\etal 1998, AJ, 116, 1009  %, astro-ph/9805201.
             % 20 coauthors going Riess, Filippenko, Challis, Clocchiatti, etc.
             % SNe~Ia say the universe will expand forever
             % and has a non-zero cosmological constant.
             % Open or closed is a toss-up.



\bibitem[Riess et al.(1999)]{riess1999}
         Riess, A. G.,~\etal 1999, AJ, 117, 707 
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  BVRI Light Curves for 22 Type IA Supernovae
         % 1210 Johnson/Cousins B, V, R, and I photometric observations of 22 recent Type Ia supernovae 
         % (SNe Ia): 
         % SNe 1993ac, 1993ae, 1994M, 1994S, 1994T, 1994Q, 1994ae, 1995D, 1995E, 1995al, 
         % 1995ac, 1995ak, 1995bd, 1996C, 1996X, 1996Z, 1996ab, 1996ai, 1996bk, 1996bl, 1996bo, and 1996bv
         % The redshifts of the sample range from cz=1200 to 37,000 km s^-1 with a mean 
         % of cz=7000 km s^-1.  
         % infinite coauthors 
         % The paper isn't to explicit, but phases are probably relative to Bmax everywhere (p. 714). 
         % The first date of observation in Table 3 (p. 712) is relative to Bmax (p. 714).
         % Table 5 gives 1994nov03 as the discovery for 94ae, but the 
         % CfA List of Supernovae
         % gives 1994nov14 and that date is consistent with the B light curve (p. 719).
         % So 94ae Bmax is 1994nov26 (JD 2449682.5) probably with error of +/- 1 day. 



\bibitem[Riess et al.(2005)]{riess2005}
         Riess, A. G.,~\etal 2005, ApJ, 627, 579
         %
         % ADS Reference.
         % 9 coauthors 
         % Title:  Cepheid Calibrations from the Hubble Space Telescope of the 
         % Luminosity of Two Recent Type Ia Supernovae and a Redetermination of the Hubble Constant 
         % See p. 602 for their revised Bmax dates for SN 1981B, 90N, 94ae, and 98aq.



\bibitem[Ripero(1993)]{ripero1993}
        Ripero, J. 1993, IAU Circ.~5731
        % {ripero1993}
        % Discovery of SN 1993J IIb in M81 on March 28.9 UT (JD 2449075.4) by Francisco Garc\'\i a.


  
\bibitem[R\"opke(2005)]{roepke2005}  % \citep[e.g.,][]{roepke2005},  % Fritz Roepke
         R\"opke, F. K. 2005, A\&A, 432, 969
         % AA reference
         % Title:  Following multi-dimensional type Ia supernova explosion models to homologous expansion.
         % R\"opke's 3-d deflagration model Ia model c3_3d_256_10s.
         % Kozma et al. (2005) rule it out for ordinary Ia's
         % because of low-velocity carbon and oxygen:  not enough stratification.
   % "Thus, for the derivation of synthetic light curves
   %   and spectra from SN Ia models it is advisable to follow the
   %   evolution of the explosion up to t 10 s." on p. 982
   % See also Roepke & Hillebrant p 642 but not as explicit 
   & https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005A%26A...431..635R/abstract



\bibitem[R\"opke(2007)]{roepke2007}
         R\"opke, F. K., Niemeyer, J. C. 2007, A\&A, 464, 683
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Fritz' delayed-detonation model.  They make the transition to detonation when
         % and where the distributed deflagration regime starts.  So there is no parameterization
         % in a sense, but just a guess at when and where the transition occurs.  



\bibitem[Ruiz-Lapuente et al.(1992)]{ruiz-lapuente1992}
         Ruiz-Lapuente, P., Cappellaro, E., Turatto, M., Gouiffes, C.,
         Danziger, I. J., Della Valle,~M., \&~Lucy, L. B. 1992, ApJ, 387, L33
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Modeling the iron-dominated spectra of the type IA supernova SN 1991T at premaximum.
         % approximate NLTE Fe III lines SN~1991T.
         % They did conclude that there was abundant outer IPEs
         % used the term ``sandwiched'' for the IMEs between outer IPEs and inner IPE core. 
         % Maybe the referee gave them the word ``sandwich''.   But maybe not.
         % They didn't thank the referee.



\bibitem[Ruiz-Lapuente et al.(1993)]{ruiz-lapuente1993}
                 Ruiz-Lapuente, P.,~\etal 1993, Nature, 365, 728
            % D.J.~Jeffery, P.M.~Challis, A.V.~Filippenko, R.P.~Kirshner,
            % L.C.~Ho, B.P.~Schmidt, F.~S\'anchez, \&~R.~Canal,
            % the SN~1991bg nebular paper, ``A Change in the Type~Ia
            % Supernova Paradigm.''  There are 9 authors.  ApJ allows 8 only.
            % I think we originally called it ``Paradigm-Busters''.



\bibitem[Ruiz-Lapuente et al.(1995)]{ruiz-lapuente1995}
        Ruiz-Lapuente, P., Kirshner, R. P., Phillips, M. M., Challis, P. M., Schmidt, B. P., 
        Filippenko, A. V., \&~Wheeler, J. C. 
        1995, \apj, 439, 60
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Late-time spectra and type IA supernova models: New clues from the Hubble Space Telescope.
        % Mg II 2798 in the nebular HST spectrum.  290 days post B-maximum.
        % On the nebular spectra of SN 1992a.


  % \citealt{rybicki1978}
\bibitem[Rybicki \&~Hummer(1978)]{rybicki1978}
         Rybicki, G. B., \&~Hummer, D. G. 1978, \apj, 219, 654
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:   A generalization of the Sobolev method for flows with nonlocal radiative coupling.
         % a standard Sobolev method paper reference.
         % The treatment of radiative line coupling follows straightforwardly from this
         % paper.
         % Either George or David told me, the formalism had been worked out in 1969 or so
         % and they had just not got around to publishing it until later.

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S




\bibitem[Saha et al.(2001)]{saha2001}
        Saha, A., Sandage, A., Thim, F., Labhardt, L., Tammann, G. A., Christensen, J., Panagia, N., \&~Macchetto, F. D.
        2001, \apj, 551, 973
       % Title:  Cepheid Calibration of the Peak Brightness of Type IA Supernovae. X. SN 1991T in NGC 4527. 
       % They find $D=14.1\pm0.8\,$Mpc for the host galaxy NGC 4527.
       % fisher1999 used D=16.4 Mpc and so scaling down from fisher1999's
       % 1.45 M_sun of Ni-56, one gets 0.96 which is high, but not extreme. 
       % 8 coauthors:  ApJ allows 8 to be named.



\bibitem[Saio \&~Nomoto(2004)]{saio2004}
        Saio, H., \& Nomoto, K. 2004, \apj, 615, 444 
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  Off-Center Carbon Ignition in Rapidly Rotating, Accreting Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarfs.
        % Merging WDs do not become Ia's, but get converted to O-Ne-Mg WD 
        % and eventually collapse to a neutron star.



\bibitem[Salvo et al.(2001)]{salvo2001}
        Salvo, M. E., Cappellaro, E., Mazzali, P. A., Benetti, S., Danziger, I. J., Patat, F., \& Turatto, M.
        MNRAS, 321, 254
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  The template type Ia supernova 1996X.
        % They say it's pretty normal. 
        % Bmax from their own photometry is 1996apr18 (JD 2450191.5 +/- .5).
        % They present 16 spectra which turn into 17 on 
        % (SN 1996X Ia)
        % through a duplication of day -1. 



\bibitem[Santillana(1955)]{santillana1955}
         Santillana, G. de 1955, The Crime of Galileo
         (Chicago:  University of Chicago Press)
         % I own a reprint of this book published in 1962.
         % Certain aspects and attitudes of Giorgio de Santillana's book have dated 
         % a bit.
         % I think Santillana sometimes spins Galileo's actions too favorably,
         % but he could be right---maybe his spin technique is dated too. 
         % But Santillana covers main points of the Galileo's conflict with
         % the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church.
         % No new tremendous evidence has come to light since.
         % Some of his conclusions have been nuanced slightly 
         % differently by later authors, but it's not clear to
         % me that their takes are better.
         % For example, see Fantoli (1994)
         % who in many respects comes to the same conclusions, but with
         % different weightings.
         % Actually, a lot history writing of topics well covered
         % in the past is mostly rehash.   Sometimes the rehash is
         % needed to get things a bit righter, but there is a point
         % of diminishing returns that may not have been reached by
         % Santillana, but maybe by now (i.e., year 2007). 
         % History book.  Biography book.



\bibitem[Sasaki et al.(1994)]{sasaki1994}
    Sasaki, M., Kosugi, G., Ishigaki, T., Maemura, H., Aoki, K., \& Ohtani, H.  1994, PASJ, 46, L187 
    % 
    % ADS reference.
    % Optical spectra of the supernova 1994I in M51 around the maximum light phase.
     % They say V maximum is around April 9.



\bibitem[Sauer et al.(2006)]{saueri2006}
    Sauer, D. N., Hoffmann, T. L., \& Pauldrach, A. W. A. 2006, A\&A, 459, 229
    % 
    % ADS reference.
    % Title:  Non-LTE models for synthetic spectra of type Ia supernovae/hot stars 
    %   with extremely extended atmospheres. 
    %   II. Improved lower boundary conditions for the numerical solution of the radiative transfer.
    % It's not clear what the future of this approach will be.




\bibitem[Scalzo et al.(2010)]{Scalzo} 
         Scalzo, R. A. 2010, \apj, 713, 1073  % 31 authors 
         % ADS reference
         % Title:  Nearby Supernova Factory Observations of SN 2007if: 
         % First Total Mass Measurement of a Super-Chandrasekhar-Mass Progenitor.
         % Make some use of my super-Chan paper.
         % p. 1086 where they use semi-analytic models like mine is best reference.



\bibitem[Schlegel et al.(1998)]{schlegel1998} 
         Schlegel, D. J., Finkbeiner, D. P., \&~Davis, M. 1998, \apj, 500, 525
      % ADS reference
      % Maps of Dust Infrared Emission for Use in Estimation of Reddening and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Foregrounds.
      % From which foreground reddenings can be derived.  The Leda database has them for Galaxies.



\bibitem[Schmidt et al.(1994)]{schmidt1994}
         Schmidt, B. P., Kirshner, R. P., Leibundgut, B., Wells, L. A., Porter, A. C., Ruiz-Lapuente, P., 
         Challis, P., \& Filippenko, A. V. 1994, \apj, 434, 19L 
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % SN 1991T: Reflections of past glory.
         % This is about the 91T light echo.



\bibitem[Schmidt et al.(1998)]{schmidt1998}
        Schmidt, B. P., et al. 1998, \apj, 507, 46
      % 
      % ADS reference.
      % About 20 coauthors.
      % Title:  The High-Z Supernova Search: Measuring Cosmic Deceleration and Global Curvature of the 
      % Universe Using Type IA Supernovae.
      % One of the two discovery papers of the accelerating universe.  The other was
      % Perlmutter et al. 1999.



\bibitem[Schweitzer et al.(2000)]{schweitzer2000}
         Schweitzer, A., Hauschildt, P. H., \&~Baron, E. 2000, \apj, 541, 1004,
         astro-ph/0006049
         % NLTE treatment of molecules with superlevels.
         % CO is used as an example.


\bibitem[Schweitzer et al.(2003)]{schweitzer2000}
         Schweitzer, A., Hauschildt, P. H., Baron, E., \&~Allard, F. 2003,
         in Stellar Atmosphere Modeling, ASP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 288,
         ed.~Ivan Hubeny, Dimitri Mihalas, \&~Klaus Werner
         (San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific), 339
         % No astro-ph reference.
         % ``Using Superlevels to Calculate Molecular NLTE Problems''.
         % NLTE treatment of molecules with superlevels.
         % CO and TiO are used as examples.

 
  % \citep[e.g.,][p.~10]{scott2018} % before advent of Lambda-CDM model
\bibitem[Scott(2018)]{scott2018}
         Scott, D. 2018,
         arXiv:1804.01318
         % Title:  The Standard Model of Cosmology: A Skeptic's Guide
         % arXiv:1804.01318
         % On p 10 gives 1995 as $\Lambda$-CDM was establishing itself.
% Scott (2018)



\bibitem[Scottoline(2007)]{scottoline2007}
         Scottoline, L. 2007, Daddy's Girl
         (New York:  HarperCollins)
         % Fear and loathing at Penn State along with murder and mystery. 
         % Well reviewed in the Washington Post.



\bibitem[Seeds(1999)]{seeds1999}
     Seeds, M. A. 1999, Foundations of Astronomy
     (Belmount, California:  Wadsworth Publishing Company) (Se)
     % Somewhat dated, but I'm familiar with it.  As with all good
     % intro astro books, there are some points he discusses that others evade.
     % (Se-???)



\bibitem[Seitenzahl et al.(2009)]{seitenzahl2009}
	 Seitenzahl, I. R., Taubenberger, S., \& Sim, S. A. 2009, \mnras, 400, 531
         % 
         % ADS reference
         % Title:  Late-time supernova light curves: the effect of internal conversion and Auger electrons
         % So they catch-up to Jeffery 1999 on quazi-exponential light curves.
         % I included the fast electrons and the X-rays.
         % But how did I treat the X-rays.
         % Apparently a separate grey radtran with different opacities.
         % But I failed to mention it the quasi-light curve paper explicitly anywhere. 
         % I messed up again. 


\bibitem[Serkowski(1973)]{serkowski1973}
        Serkowski, K. 1973, in IAU Symposium 52, Interstellar Dust and
        Related Topics, ed.~J.~M.~Greenberg \&~H.~C.~van~de~Hulst
        (Dordrecht:  Reidel), 145
        % An e.g.-reference for the Serkowski empirical ISP law.



\bibitem[Serway \&~Jewett(2008)]{serway2008}
         Serway, R. A., \&~Jewett, J. W., Jr. 2008,
         Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 7th Edition
         (Belmont, California:  Thomson)
         % Sort of the same as the others, but maybe not as good.



\bibitem[Shapiro \&~Sutherland(1982)]{shapiro1982}
          Shapiro, P. R., \&~Sutherland, P. G. 1982, \apj, 263, 902
          % Chandrasekhar polarization paper.
          % They wrap Chandrasekhar's plane-parallel electron scattering
          % polarizing atmospheres around axisymmetric ellipsoids
          % and calculate net polarization---which is very low except
          % for very high asymmetry.
          % (ShS-???).



\bibitem[Shapiro \&~Teukolsky(1983)]{shapiro1983} Shapiro, S. L., \& Teukolsky, S. A. 1983,
        Black Holes, White Dwarfs, and Neutron Stars:  The Physics of Compact Objects 
        (New York:  John Wiley \& Sons) (ST)
        % Shapiro & Teukolsky 1983, p. ???.
        % The now hoary Bible of compact objects. 
        % But it was once young and frisky.  I own a copy.
        % See also
        % Amazon:  Shapiro & Teukolsky 1983.



\bibitem[Shapiro et al.(1994)]
     Shawl, S. J., Robbins, R. R., & Jefferys W. H. 1994
     Discovering Astronomy
     (Dubuque, Iowa:  Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company) (SRJ)
     As with all good
     intro astro books, there are some points he discusses that
     others evade.  It seems good on comparative planetology.
     % SRJ-???



\bibitem[Shigeyama et al.(1994)]{shigeyama94}
        Shigeyama, T., Suzuki, T., Kumagai, S., Nomoto, K., Saio, H.,
        \&~Yamaoka, H. 1994, ApJ, 420, 341
        % Theoretical light curves for SN 1993J in M81:  the IIb.
        % One interesting point:  homologous expansion in there models
        % is not established until after day 40:  very different from the
        % usual result and expectation.  In a private communication
        % Shigeyama says he now thinks this result was probably a
        % numerical mistake.



Shipman, J. T., Wilson, J. D., & Todd, A. W. 2002,
     An Introduction to Physical Science
     (Boston:  Houghton Mifflin Company) (SWT)
     It covers physics, chemistry, geology, meteorology.  It is
     a useful supplement to an intro astro teachers intro astro books.
     % SWT-???



\bibitem[Shu(1982)]{shu1982}  Shu, F. 1982, The Physical Universe:
         an Introduction to Astronomy 
         (Mill Valley, California:  University Science Books) (Sh)
         % A standard physical astronomy text.  My edition is
         % badly out of date now.
         % (Shu-???)



\bibitem[Sim(2007)]{sim2007} Sim, S. A. 2007, MNRAS, 375, 154 
        % ADS reference.
        % Multi-dimensional simulations of radiative transfer in Type Ia supernovae .
        % See p. 2 for his use of the formal solution.
        % A 3-d Monte Carlo code for Ia's.  Everyone's doing it.
        % This is method paper as of 2007.



\bibitem[Sim \& Mazzali(2008)]{sim2008} Sim, S. A., \& Mazzali, P. A. 2008, MNRAS, 385, 1681 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  On the ?-ray emission of Type Ia supernovae.
        % A much belated update on Ambwani & Sutherland



\bibitem[Shore(2003)]{shore2003} Shore, S. N. 2003,
        The Tapestry of Modern Astrophysics (Hoboken, New Jersey:  John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.)
        % Seems a good, general astrophysics text.



\bibitem[Smil(2003)]{smil2003}
         Smil, V. 2003,
         Energy at the Crossroads:  Global Perspectives and Uncertainties
         (Cambridge, Massachusetts:   The MIT Press)
         % Science book. History book.
         % A very good book with strong views. 
         % But the field of commercial energy changes quickly
         % and so some parts are beginning to date already.



\bibitem[Smil(2006)]{smil2006}
         Smil, V. 2006,
         Energy:  A Beginner's Guide (Oxford, UK:  Oneworld Publications)
         % Science book. History book.
         % A useful book with lots of information, but not to excessive depth.



\bibitem[Smith(2007)]{smith2007}
         Smith, J. E. 2007,
         FDR (New York:  Random House)
         % Maybe the best 1-volume biography of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
         % Well reviewed in the Washington Post:
         % review.
         % Random House site.
         % History book.




\bibitem[Sobolev(1947)]{sobolev1947}
           Sobolev, V. V. 1947, {Moving Envelopes of Stars} (Leningrad:
           Leningrad State University) (English trans.:
           S.~Gaposchkin [Cambridge:  Harvard University Press, 1960])
           % The original Sobolev method source.
           % Gaposchkin was Cecelia Payne-Gaposchkin's husband I think.



\bibitem[Somervell(1965)]{Somervell1965} Somervell, D. C. 1965,
        English Thought in the Nineteenth Century (New York:  
        David MacKay Company, Inc.)
        % I've read this several times.
        % It's about what people thought popularily rather than
        % about the subtle refinements of thinkers. 
        % It was written in 1929, and so by an actual Victorian:
        % David Churchill Somervell (1885--1965).
        % So he knew stuff from the inside.
        % History book.



\bibitem[Spyromilio et al.(2004)]{spyromilio2004}
         Spyromilio, J., Gilmozzi, R., Sollerman, J., Leibundgut, B., Fransson, C., \& Cuby, J.-G.
         2004, A\&A, 426, 547
         %
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Optical and near infrared observations of SN 1998bu.
         % Nebular spectra from circa 350 days after explosion.



\bibitem[Squires(1968)]{squires(1968}
     Squires, G. L. 1968,
     Practical Physics
     (New York:  McGraw-Hill Book Company)
% G.L. Squires , Gordon Leslie
% https://share.trin.cam.ac.uk/sites/public/Alumni/obituaries/squires.pdf 1924--2010
% catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam031/2001025559.pdf first 8 pages of 4th edition ,2001
% I probably used 1st or 2nd edition by mcgraw-hill  1968, 1976
% https://www.amazon.co.uk/Practical-Physics-4ed-G-Squires/dp/0521779405/ref=asap_bc?ie=UTF8
% in Lied       QC33 .S68 1985  5th floor 3rd edition
%       QC20 .S68  5th floor 1st edition





\bibitem[Stanishev et al.(2007)]{stanishev2007}
         Stanishev, V., et al. 2007, A\&A, 469, 645 
         %
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  SN 2003du: 480 days in the Life of a Normal Type Ia Supernova.
         % Infinite coauthors including you-know-who.
         % Bmax on JD 2452766.38 +/- 0.50 on p. 652.
         % Good spectrum sequence on p. 9, Fig. 7 showing the Si II line from 2 components 
         % to plateaued glitch on about day 40 past Bmax.



\bibitem[Stanishev et al.(2007b)]{stanishev2007b}
         Stanishev, V., et al. 2007,
         AIP Conf.~Pro.~924, Vol.~1
         Cefal\`u, Sicily, 2006 June 11---24, ed.~L.~A.~Antonelli et al.
         (Melville, New York:  American Institute of Physics), 336
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  The Peculiar Type Ia Supernova 2005hk. 
         % 18 coauthors.
         % Lots of spectra.



\bibitem[Stehle et al.(2005)]{stehle2005}
         Stehle, M., Mazzali, P. A., Benetti, S., \& Hillebrandt, W. 2005, \mnras, 360, 1231
         %
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Abundance stratification in Type Ia supernovae - I. The case of SN 2002bo.
         % They're tomography approach with Paolo's MC code.



\bibitem[Steiner(2008)]{steiner2008}
    Steiner, F., 2008,
    Proceedings of the Int.~Conference "Evolution Equations --- The State of the Art", 
    Reisensburg/Germany, Dec. 2007, ed.~W. Arendt et al., 
    Ulmer Seminare 2008/Sonderausgabe, Heft 13, 231
    (Ulm Reports and Publications: Ulm report ULM-TP/08-7:
    http://www.galpac.net/members/steinergroup/publications.html)
%    www.galpac.net/members/steinergroup/paper/08/tp08-7.pdf
%    % c(in log)
%  frank steiner http://www.galpac.net/members/steiner_en.html
%  frank.steiner@ens-lyon.fr
%  http://www.galpac.net/members/steinergroup/paper/08/tp08-7.pdf
% Only a 4 papers at ADS and this is not one of them
% https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.2258 he Scale Factor in the Universe with Dark Energy sazhin may also

\bibitem[Steiner(2007)]{steiner2007}
    Steiner, F., 2007, paper based on a presentation at
    Workshop on ``Evolution Equations---the State of the Art'',
    www.galpac.net/members/steinergroup/paper/08/tp08-7.pdf
    % Title:  The eras of radiation, matter, and dark energy: new information from the Planck Collaboration




\bibitem[Stewart(2007)]{stewart2007} Stewart, I. 2007,
         Why Beauty Is Truth: The History of Symmetry
         (New York:  Basic Books)
         % A well reviewed intro book to mathematical and physical symmetry by
         % Ian Stewart who is a well known popular writer on math.
         % Nature review.



\bibitem[Stritzinger et al.(2002)]{stritzinger2002}
         Stritzinger, M. et al. 2002, AJ, 124, 2100
         %
         % ADS reference.
         % Title: Optical Photometry of the Type Ia Supernova 1999ee 
         %  and the Type Ib/c Supernova 1999ex in IC 5179.
         % Bmaxima on p. 2108.  Companion paper to {hamuy2002}.
         % 17 coauthors



\bibitem[Strolger et al.(2002)]{strolger2002}
         Strolger, L.-G. et al. 2002, AJ, 124, 2905
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  The Type Ia Supernova 1999aw: A Probable 1999aa-like Event 
         %   in a Low-Luminosity Host Galaxy 
         % Infinite coauthors including everyone I know nearly.
         % SN 1999aw is in anonymous faint blue dwarf galaxy (p. 2918).
         % B-max is JD 2451254.7 +/- .3 (p. 2911).
         % redshift z is measured at .038 +/- .001 from SN spectra (p. 2909). 
         % Foreground Galactic E(B-V)=.14/4=.035 (p. 2910).



\bibitem[Suntzeff et al.(1999)]{suntzeff1999}
         Suntzeff, N. B., et al. 1999, AJ, 117, 1175 
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Optical Light Curve of the Type IA Supernova 1998BU in M96 
         % and the Supernova Calibration of the Hubble Constant
         % About 20 coauthors.
         % The give Bmax as JD 2450952.9 +/- 0.5.



\bibitem[Swartz(1990)]{swartz1990}
          Swartz, D. A. 1990, A\&A, 239, 227
          % Doug's approximate Newton-Raphson Sobolev $\Lambda$-iteration.



\bibitem[Swartz et al.(1993)]{swartz1993}
        Swartz, D. A., Filippenko, A. V., Nomoto, K., \& Wheeler, J. C. 1993, ApJ, 411, 313 
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % Spectra of low-mass helium star models and the type IC supernova SN 1987M



\bibitem[Swartz et al.(1995)]{swartz1995}
         Swartz, D. A., Sutherland, P. G., \&~Harkness, R. P. 1995, ApJ, 446, 766.
         % The gray atmosphere $\gamma$-ray transport scheme uptdated.
         % https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9501005


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T


\bibitem[Tanaka(1991)]{tanak91} Tanaka, Y. 1991, in Supernovae:  The Tenth
         Santa~Cruz Workshop in Astronomy and Astrophysics,
         ed. S.~E.~Woosley (New~York:  \hbox{Springer-Verlag}), 269
         % Ginga X-ray observations of 87A:  showed the unexpected early
         % X-ray behavior


\bibitem[Tasitsiomi(2006)]{tasitsiomi2006} Tasitsiomi, A. 2006, astro-ph/0601562
         % ``On the transfer of resonant-line radiation in mesh simulations.''
         % A photon-propagation reduction procedure using analytic distributions
         % of emergent packet behavior.


\bibitem[Tennyson et al.(2001)]{tennyson2001} Tennyson, J., Zobov, N. F.,
         Williamson, R., \&~Polyansky, O. L.  2001, J.~Phys.~Chem.~Ref.~Data,
         30, 735, http://www.tampa.phys.ucl.ac.uk/jonny/waterlevels.html
        % H2O energy levels online.
         % Experimental energy levels of the water molecule.
         % They have 12248 levels and there are probably many more.
         % No significant update since 2001, but maybe any day now.
         % No astro-ph reference.
         % I met Jonathan in 1994jun.  He's a descendent of Alfred Lord Tennyson
         % the poet.



\bibitem[Thielemann et al.(1986)]{thielemann1986} Thielemann, F.-K., Nomoto, K.,
        \&~Yokoi, K. A\&A, 158, 17
        %ADS reference.
        % Explosive nucleosynthesis in carbon deflagration models of Type I supernovae.
        % The final W7 composition paper.
        % Table 5, is the update of Table 4 for W7 in the earlier paper.
        % I sum the iron-peak to be .79 solar masses.
        % This is less than the old W7 which had .86 solar masses of iron-peak




\bibitem[Thomas et al.(2007)]{thomas2007} 
        Thomas, R. C., et al. 2007, \apj, 654, L53
        % 
        % ADS Reference.
        % Title:  Nearby Supernova Factory Observations of SN 2006D: 
        % On Sporadic Carbon Signatures in Early Type Ia Supernova Spectra.
        % 28 coauthors.
        % SN 2006D has the best C II signature of any Ia up to its time in 2007, but not now.
        % They invoke CO clumps as a possible explanation for the sporadicness.



\bibitem[Thomas et al.(2009)]{thomas2009}
        Thomas, R. C., et al. 2009, BAAS, 41, 464  % 27 coauthors
        % ADS Reference
        % Title:  Direct Analysis of Type Ia Supernovae Observed by The Nearby Supernova Factory
        % SYNAPPS is Rollin's new parameterized sobolev code.
        % Well my projected code will be more general and have doodads. 



\bibitem[Thoren(1991)]{thoren1991}
         Thoren, V. E. 1991, The Lord of Uraniborg: A Biography of Tycho Brahe, 
         (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 
         % Victor E. Thoren has probably given the definitive Tycho biography.  



\bibitem[Thubron(2007)]{thubron2007}
         Thubron, C. 2007,  Shadow of the Silk Road
         (New York:  HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.)
         % Colin Thubron travels the ancient trade route.
         % Well reviewed by 
         % 
         % Jonathan Yardley in the Washington Post.
         % History book.  Travel book.



\bibitem[Tipler \& Mosca(2008)]{tipler2008}
         Tipler, P. A., \& Mosca, G. 2008,
         Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6th Edition
         (New York:  W.H.~Freeman and Company)
         % The old standby of intro physics books.



\bibitem[Tominaga et al.(2005)]{tominaga2005}
        Tominaga, N., et al. 2005, \apj, 633, L97 
        %
        % ADS Reference
        % about 25  coauthors
        % The Unique Type Ib Supernova 2005bf: A WN Star Explosion Model for Peculiar Light Curves and Spectra
        % A very long rise 2-maximum Ibc SN.
        % Just a letter.



\bibitem[Toomer(1998)]{toomer1998}
      Toomer, G. J. (tr.~and ed.) 1998, Ptolemy's Almagest
      (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press) (To)
      % Ptolemy's masterpiece in modern English translation with an introduction.



\bibitem[Tornamb\`e \&~Piersanti(2005)]{tornambe2005}
         Tornamb\`e, A., \& Piersanti, L. 2005, in ASP Conf. Ser. 342,  1604--2004:  Supernovae as Cosmological
         Lighthouses, ed. M.~Turatto, S.~Benetti, L.~Zamperi, \& W.~Shea (San Francisco: ASP), 169 
         % Clues on Type Ia Supernova Progenitors. 
         % They conclude the SD scenario doesn't work.
         % The DD scenario should work and with differential rotation give significantly super-chan SNe Ia.
         % The range in masses may lead to the lightcurve-width-luminosity relation.
         % All this is controversial.



\bibitem[Toulmin \& Goodfield(1965)]{toulmin1965}
         Toulmin, S. & Goodfield, J. 1965, The Discovery of Time
         (New York:  Harper & Row, Publishers) (Tou)
         % I've always thought this a very good book.  It comes before the
         % days when all subjects were endlessy rehashed and books were
         % overwrought and given silly titles.  Today this book would probably
         % be called something like The Penguin's Puzzle.
         % There are no penguins in the book, but I'm sure some obscure quote
         % would connect penguins.
         % It's about how humankind became aware of the true extent of time.
         % Not just yesterday, nor grandfather, nor dream time.
         % I find it quasi-endlessly re-readable.
         % Science book.  History book.
         To-???
% Toulmin, S. & Goodfield, J. 1965, The Discovery of Time




\bibitem[Tsvetkov(1987)]{tsvetkov1987} Tsvetkov, D. Yu. 1987, Soviet Astron. Lett., 13, 376 
        % ADS Reference.
        % Light curves of type Ib supernova: SN 1984l in NGC 991



\bibitem[Tuchman(1962)]{tuchman1962} Tuchman, B. W. 1962,
        The Guns of August (New York:  The Macmillan Company)
        % The opening month of WWI or the Great War.
        % A famous book.  A good read.   Probably it all stands
        % up as history although we live in the age of rehash.
        % It's hard to feel the agony of hundreds of thousands
        % dead and wounded.
        % History book.


\bibitem[Tueller et al.(1991)]{tueller91}
         Tueller, J., Barthelmy, S., Gehrels, N., Leventhal, M.
        MacCallum, C. J., \&~Teegarden, B. J.
         1991, in Supernovae:  The Tenth
         Santa~Cruz Workshop in Astronomy and Astrophysics,
         ed. S.~E.~Woosley (New~York:  \hbox{Springer-Verlag}), 278
         % Balloon gamma ray observations of 87A:  showed the unexpected early
         % gamma ray behavior.




\bibitem[Turatto(1995)]{turatto1995}
        Turatto, M. 1995, private communication
        % On the 1990jul28 spectrum of SN 1990N
        %  Tue May 23 12:23:29 1995
        % Subject: 90n
        % ``yes that spectrum is poor indeed (poor wheather).
        % the observers were Benetti and myself, telescope 182cm of Asiago,
        % spectrograph B&C, detector CCD, date 28/8 (of course).''
        % At this point, I've no recollection of how I originally got the
        % spectrum.  Presumably some Asiago person sent it to me on my request.



\bibitem[Turatto et al.(1996)]{turatto1996}
        Turatto, M., Benetti, S., Cappellaro, E., Danziger, I. J., Della Valle, M.,
        Gouiffes, C., Mazzali, P. A., \&~Patat, F. 1996, MNRAS, 283, 1
        % 
        % ADS reference.
        % Title:  The properties of the peculiar type IA supernova 1991bg. I. Analysis and discussion 
        % of two years of observations.
        % They say the [Ca II] 7300 lines are the strongest in any Ia on p. 10--11.
        % I'm not sure they are seen in anything except the cools



\bibitem[Turatto et al.(1998)]{turatto1998}
         Turatto, M., Piemonte, A., Benetti, S., Cappellaro, E., Mazzali, P. A., Danziger, I. J.,
         \& Patat, F. 1998, AJ, 116, 2431
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  A New Faint Type IA Supernova: SN 1997cn in NGC 5490.
         % David Branch calls it a cool.



\bibitem[Turchin(2003)]{turchin2003} Turchin, P. 2003,
       {Historical Dynamics:  Why States Rise and Fall,}
       (Princeton, New Jersey:  Princeton University Press) (Tu2003)
       % Maybe the Ur-text of cliodynamics


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U

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V


\bibitem[Vacca \&~Leibundgut(1996)]{vacca1996}
         Vacca, W. D., \&~Leibundgut, B. 1996, \apjl, 471, L37
         % The Rise Times and Bolometric Light Curve of SN 1994D: Constraints on Models of Type IA Supernovae
         % The optical bolometric light curve is found to have a maximum luminosity
         % of about 8.8 x 1042 x (D/13.7 Mpc)2 ergs s-1,
         % which is reached ~18 days after the explosion. In addition, the optical bolometric
         % light curve exhibits an
         % inflection, or "shoulder," about 25 days after maximum. This inflection corresponds
         % to the secondary maximum observed
         % in all filter light curves redder than B. The individual filter curves have rise times
         % similar to that of the optical
         % bolometric light curve; other Type Ia supernovae are found to have similar rise times. Our fits
         % indicate that the peak bolometric luminosity and the maxima in
         % the B, V, and R light curves all occur within a day of one another.



\bibitem[van Haasteren(2009)]{van haasteren2009}
         van Haasteren, R. 2009, MNRAS, in submission
         % 
         % ADS Reference.
         % Title:  Bayesian evidence: can we beat MultiNest using traditional MCMC methods?
         % It depends.  No universal optimum rule for Bayes's marginalization 



\bibitem[Vink\'o et al.(2001)]{vinko2001}
         Vink\'o, J., Kiss, L. L., Cs\'ak, B., Fur\'esz, G., Szab\'o, R., Thomson, J. R., \& Mochnacki, S. W.
         2001, AJ, 121, 3127
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  The Peculiar Type Ia Supernova 1999by: Spectroscopy at Early Epochs.
         % Early spectra of limited time and wavelength coverage.



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W


  % \citealt]{wagoner1991}
\bibitem[Wagoner et al.(1991)]{wagoner1991}
    Wagoner, R. V., Perez, C. A, \& Vasu, M.  1991, ApJ, 377, 639 
    % 
    % ADS reference.
    % Title:  Continuum Opacity Produced by Spectral Lines in Supernovae and Similar Expansions 
    % An expansion opacity formalism



\bibitem[Wamsteker et al.(1993)]{wamsteker1993}
    Wamsteker, W., Rodriguez, P. M., Gonzalez, R., Sonneborn, G., \&~Kirshner, R. P.
    1993, IAU Circ.~5738
    % Interstellar lines to SN 1993J with velocities in range -117 to 181 km/s.



\bibitem[Wang et al.(2003)]{wang2003}
    Wang, L., et al. 2003, \apj, 591, 1110
    % 
    % ADS reference.
    % Title:  Spectropolarimetry of SN 2001el in NGC 1448: Asphericity of a Normal Type Ia Supernova.
    % 10 coauthors. 
    % There is a high polarizaiton signal of 0.7 % after ISP correction on day -7.
    % It's position angle differs from the average position angle.
    % So an different asymmetry from the average.




\bibitem[Wang et al.(2001a)]{wang2001a}
    Wang, L., Howell, D. A., H\"oflich, P., \&~Wheeler, J. C. 2001, \apj,
    550, 1030, astro-ph/9912033
    % Bipolar Supernova Explosions
    % Polarization of 96cb IIb, 97X Ic, 98S IIn, and some
    % general conclusions about SN polarization.
    % Also a discussion of how they correct for ISP.
    % Update on their polarization data for supernovae.


\bibitem[Wang \&~Wheeler(1996)]{wang1996a}
    Wang, L., \&~Wheeler, J. C. 1996, \apj, 462, L27
    % Their dust cloud light echo model for 1987A polarization.
    % They could be right sometimes if not for 87A.



\bibitem[Wang et al.(1998)]{wang1998}
          Wang, L., \&~Wheeler, J. C. 1998, ApJL, submitted, astro-ph/9806212
            % A model for Ic SN 1998bw and the associated
            % $\gamma$-ray burst.  A jet from the supernova speculated upon.



\bibitem[Wang et al.(1997)]{wang1997}
         Wang, L., Wheeler, J. C., \& H\"oflich, P. 1997, \apj, 476, L27
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Polarimetry of the Type IA Supernova SN 1996X.
         % A small intrinsic polarization reported for fairly normal
         % Ia SN 1996X.  
         % Inferred ellipsoidal-like asymmetry of order 10%.
         % There is spectropolarimetry and a high S/N spectrum for 1996apr14.3 UT.
         % The referee wasn't thanked again.


\bibitem[Wang et al.(1999)]{wang1999}
    Wang, L., Wheeler, J. C., \& H\"oflich, P. 1999, in SN 1987A:
    Ten Years After, ed. M.~M.~Phillips \& N.~Suntzeff (Provo:  ASP), in press
    % Here they lay down the claim that maybe all core-collapse
    % SN have intrinsic polarization at about the 1 % level
    % and that it increases with decreasing envelope:
    % II to IIB to Ib/c.
    % Still in press in 2001 it seems.
    % I've not seen this paper and its not at astro-ph.



\bibitem[Wang et al.(1996)]{wang1996b}
         Wang, L., Wheeler, J. C., Li, Z., \&~Clocchiatti, A. 1996, ApJ, 467, 435
    % Early summary of supernova polarization
    % including what little is known about SN 1983N Ib.
            % Polarimetry for II's and Ia's:  II polarized;  Ia's
            % apparently not so far.
            % A survey suggests that all core collapse supernovae may
            % have some asymmetry.




\bibitem[Wang et al.(2001b)]{wang2001b}  Wang, L. et al. 2001b, Nature, submitted
    % The inner ejecta (what speed??) is prolate with a 2/1 ratio!
    % But David tells me it has probably been rejected.



\bibitem[Wang et al.(2003)]{wang2003}
    Wang, L., et al. 2003, \apj, 591, 1110
    % 
    % ADS Reference.
    % Title:  Spectropolarimetry of SN 2001el in NGC 1448: Asphericity of a Normal Type Ia Supernova.
    % Ugh, but they go for blobs which may not be so bad.
    % 10 coauthors.
    % Wang, Lifan; Baade, Dietrich; H\366flich, Peter; Khokhlov, Alexei; Wheeler, J. Craig; Kasen, D.; 
    % Nugent, Peter E.; Perlmutter, Saul; Fransson, Claes; Lundqvist, Peter
    % ``Round up the usual suspects.''



\bibitem[Wang et al.(2020)]{wang2020} 
       Wang, J., et al. 2020, Nature, 585, 39, arXiv:1911.09720
       % 7 coauthors.
       %Wang, J., et al. 2020, Nature, 585, 39
       % Wang, J., et al. 2020, Nature, 585, 39
       % dark matter density profiles, Einasto is the best fit



\bibitem[Ward & Brownlee(2003)]{ward2003}
      Ward, P. D., & Brownlee, D. 2003, The Life and Death of Planet Earth:
      How the New Science of Astrobiology Charts the Ultimate Fate of our World
     (New York : Times Books) (WB)
     %  Popular account of the fate of the Earth.
     %  But what happens to humankind is not discussed.
     %  Something must happen too us:  extinction or transcendence.
     % (WB-???)



\bibitem[Webbink(1984)]{webbink1984}
      Webbink, R. F. 1984, \apj, 277, 355 
      % First paper? on merging double-degenerate SN Ia with a WD with an extended envelope. 
      % It seems to be first.



\bibitem[Weber \& Arfken(2004)]{weber2004} Weber, H. J., \& Arfken, G. B. 2004,
        Essential Mathematical Methods for Physicists
        (Amsterdam:  Elsevier Academic Press)
        % The new Arfken-like book.  More pedagogy stuff:
        % sometimes a bit annoying. 



\bibitem[Wegner \& McMahan(1987)]{wegner1987}
      Wegner, G., \& McMahan, R. K. 1987, AJ, 92, 287 
      %
      % ADS reference.  Note ADS gives the volume as 93, but the volume is 92:  ADS error.
      % Title:  Spectroscopy of the supernovae 1982V, 1984A, 1985A, and 1985B.
      % A good -7 premax spectra of the broad-line Ia 1984A.



\bibitem[Weiler et al.(1986)]{weiler1986}
      Weiler, K. W., Sramek, R. A., Panagia, N., van der Hulst, J. M., \&~Salvati, M.
      1986, \apj, 301, 790
      % Radio supernovae.
      % SN 1979C and SN 1980K get a discussion.



\bibitem[Weinberg(1977)]{weinberg1977} 
         Weinberg, S., 1977,  The First Three Minutes
         (New York:  Basic Books)
         % A classic popular science book.  If I knew it better than I do, I'd
         % know a lot.
         % Science book.



\bibitem[Wender(1979)]{wender1979}
         Wender, Dorothea, 1979, Hesiod and Theognis 
         (Middlesex, England:  Penguin Books)
   % Wender-???



\bibitem[Wells et al.(1994)]{wells1994}
      Wells, L. A., et al.
      1994, AJ, 108, 2233 
      %
      % ADS reference.
      % Title:  The Type IA supernova 1989B in NGC 3627 (M66).
      % 43 coauthors including Neil Degrasse Tyson.  
      % Extensive photometry and spectroscopy.



\bibitem[Wheeler \&~Benetti(2000)]{wheeler2000}
    Wheeler, J. C., \&~Benetti, S. 2000, in Allen's Astrophysical
    Quantities, 4th Edition, ed.~A.~N.~Cox (New York:  Springer-Verlag;  AIP), 451



\bibitem[Wheeler et al.(2002)]{wheeler2002}
          Wheeler, J. C., Meier, D. L., \& Wilson, J. R. 2002, ApJ, 568, 807
          % Their paper on the prospects for bipolar jets.



\bibitem[Wheeler et al.(1993)]{wheeler1993}
    Wheeler, J. C., et al. 1993, \apj, 417, L71 
    % Title:  Early observations of SN 1993J in M81 at McDonald Observatory.
    % There are 13 coauthors going Wheeler, Barker, Benjamin, etc.
    % Interstellar Na I lines to SN 1993J from -140 to 134 km/s.


\bibitem[Wiener \&~Hopf(1931)]{wiener1931} Wiener, N., \&~Hopf, E. 1931, 
        Berliner Ber.~Math.~Phys.~Klasse, p.~696
        % They give the exact formula for the gray atmosphere limb-darkening
        % law for the 1st time according to \cite{placzek1947}, but not. 
        % \citet{chandrasekhar1944}.  I'll trust Placzek.



\bibitem[Wiese et al.(1966)]{wiese1966}
            Wiese, W. L., Smith, M. W., \&~Glennon, B. M. 1966, in
           {NSRDS--NBS}~{4}, {Atomic Transition Probabilities:
           Vol.~I---Hydrogen through Neon} (Washington, DC:  Government Printing Office)
           % H through Ne line data



\bibitem[Wiese et al.(1969)]{wiese1969}
           Wiese, W. L., Smith, M. W., \&~Miles, B. M. 1969, in
           {NSRDS--NBS}~{22}, {Atomic Transition Probabilities:
           Vol.~2---Sodium through Calcium} (Washington, DC:  Government Printing Office)
           % Na through Ca line data



\bibitem[Wikipedia contributors(2006)]{wikipedia2006a}
    Wikipedia contributors 2006, in Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,
    Zeno's Paradoxes, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno's\_paradoxes
    % Zeno's paradoxes about Achilles and the tortoise and the arrow, etc.



\bibitem[Wikipedia contributors(2006)]{wikipedia2006b}
    Wikipedia contributors 2006, in Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia,
    Heat Equation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat\_equation
    % A good reference for the burst solution of the diffusion equation.




\bibitem[Wolfson \& Pasachoff(1990)]{wolfson1990}
         Wolfson, R., \&~Pasachoff, J. M. 1990,
         Physics:  Extended with Modern Physics
         (London:  Scott, Foresman/Little, Brown Higher Education)
         % One of the better intro books at least for instructors 



\bibitem[Woosley(1991)]{woosley1991}
    Woosley, S. E. 1991, in Gamma-Ray Line Astrophysics,
    ed.~P.~Durouchoux \&~N.~Prantzos
    (Paris:  American Institute of Physics), 270
    % The reference for model DD4.
    % I can't remember this paper at all.



\bibitem[Woosley(1992)]{woosley1992}
        Woosley, S. E. 1992, private communication
        % Given to {branch1992} Branch, D. 1992, \apj, 392, 35
        % Ni-56 in SN Ia.
        % The alpha factor for the Arnett law.
        % 50-50 CO to Ni-56 yields $1.55\,{\rm foe/M_{\odots}}$ (p. 37).
        % or 7.8d17 erg/g.
        % CO to Si-28 yields 76 % as much (p. 37).
        % It must exist in the literature somewhere too.
        % Alas this reference is under the not to be cited category.
        % In Les Houches Woosley gives 7.3d17 for 30-70 CO.



\bibitem[Woosley et al.(2007)]{woosley2007}
    Woosley, S. E., Kasen, D., Blinnikov, S., \& Sorokina, E. 2007, \apj, 662, 487
    % astro-ph/0609562
    % ADS reference.
    % Title:  Type Ia Supernova Light Curves.
    % In press as of 2007apr18 from apj website.  Still only in press on 2007may25.
    % Light curves for 130 parameterized 1-d SN Ia models. 
    % They find some models conform to the peak-luminosity-width relation.
    % Figures 4 and 5 illustrate the approximate exponential nature of SN Ia explosion models. 



\bibitem[Woosley et al.(1987)]{woosley1987}
    Woosley, S. E., Pinto, P. A., Martin, P. G., \&~Weaver, T. A. 1987, \apj, 318, 664
    % Supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud - The explosion of an 
    % approximately 20 solar mass star which has experienced mass loss?
    % Invented term Type IIb on p. 669.



\bibitem[Woosley et al.(1986)]{woosley1986}
         Woosley, S. E., Taam, R. E., \&~Weaver, T. A. 1986, \apj, 301, 601 
         % 
         % ADS reference. 
         % Title:  Models for Type I supernova. I - Detonations in white dwarfs
         % Surface helium detonations that leave remnants.
         % The ejecta are pretty much all N-56 with He at the 10 % level by mass and traces of other stuff.
         % So these are not Ia's or anything we know.



\bibitem[Woosley \&~Weaver(1986b)]{woosley1986b}
    Woosley, S. E., \&~Weaver, T. A. 1994, in IAU Colloq. 89, Radiation Hydrodynamics
    in Stars and Compact Objects,
    ed.~D.~Mihalas, \& H.-H. A. Winkler
    (Berlin:  Springer-Verlag), 91 
    % 
    % ADS reference. 
    % Title:  The Physics of Supernovae.
    % Not available online.
    % Model 3 is a precursor delayed-detonation model according to 
    % Ruiz-Lapuente et al..




\bibitem[Woosley \&~Weaver(1994)]{woosley1994}
    Woosley, S. E., \&~Weaver, T. A. 1994, in Supernovae:
    Session~LIV of the Les~Houches \'Ecole d'\'Et\'e de Physique
    Th\'eorique, ed.~S.~A.~Bludman, R.~Mochkovitch, \&~J.~Zinn-Justin
    (Amsterdam:  North-Holland), 63
    % Les Houches
    % supernovae, nucleosynthesis, massive stars
    % II, Ib/c's, Ia's, model DD4.



\bibitem[Woosley \& Weaver(1994)]{weaver1994b}
         Woosley, S. E., \&~Weaver, T. A. 1994, \apj, 423, 371 
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Sub-Chandrasekhar mass models for Type IA supernovae. 
         % Double detonations with He detonation ignition.
         % p. 376 shows they just don't have high enough velocity IMEs.
         % Nugent (1997) ruled them out with PHOENIX calculations.


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\bibitem[Yamaoka et al.(1992)]{yamaoka1992}
         Yamaoka, H., Nomoto, K., Shigeyama, T., \& Thielemann, F.-K. 1992, \apj, 393, L55
         % 
         % ADS reference.
         % Title:  Late detonation models for the type IA supernovae SN 1991T and SN 1990N.
         % This models are very delayed-detonation models that produce the sandwich.  IPE core,
         % IME intermediate layer, IPE outer layer dominated by Ni-56 with another IME layer above
         % depending on the parameters.
         % Depending on the parameters one can get all the outside at Ni-56 with mass fraction He-4 over % 10 %. 
         % They were invented probably in response to Jeffery et al. (1992).



\bibitem[Yoon(2006)]{yoon2006}
    Yoon, S.-C. 2006, private communication 
    % Yoon confirms that the Chan mass of \citet{yoon2005} was calculated with Chan's constants
    % for the EOS, his grav constant, his definition of mue=2, and the modern solar mass. 
    % This is how they got M_ch=1.436 M_sun.



\bibitem[Yoon \&~Langer(2005)]{yoon2005}
    Yoon, S.-C., \&~Langer, N. 2005, A\&A, 435, 967
    % On the evolution of rapidly rotating massive white dwarfs toward supernovae or collapses.
    % On p. 977 they give a figure of binding energy for massive rotating WDs. 
    % They also give fitting formula for those binding energies.



\bibitem[Yoon, Podsiadlowski, \&~Rosswog(2007)]{yoon2007}
    Yoon, S.-C., Podsiadlowski, Ph., \&~Rosswog, S. 2007, MNRAS, 380, 933 
    %ADS reference
    % Remnant evolution after a carbon-oxygen white dwarf merger
    % They conclude double degenerate mergers may not do accretion induced collapses (AIC),
    % but may become SN Ia and even superchan ones, but suggest 1.5 M_Sun might
    % be more the upper limit rather than 2 M_Sun as one seems to need for SN 2003fg.
    % But there might be a narrow channel for 03fg-likes. 



\bibitem[Yoshii et al.(2003)]{yoshi2003} Yoshii, Y., et al. 2003, \apj, 592, 467
     %
     % ADS reference.
     % Title:  The Optical/Near-Infrared Light Curves of SN 2002ap for the First 140 Days after Discovery 
     % 14 coauthors
     % A Ic hypernova without a gamma-ray burst, but weakish hypernova.
     % And it may have had a jet.



\bibitem[Yuan et al.(2007a)]{yuan2007a}
    Yuan, R. F., et al. 2007a, The Astronomer's Telegram, \#1212 
    % ADS reference.
    % Title: A second example of a Ia supernova associated with a super- Chandrasekhar mass white dwarf
    % More than 8 coauthors.
    % SN 2007if which is not given in the telegram, but is 
    % in ADS reference which is
    % just an abstract. 



\bibitem[Yuan et al.(2007b)]{yuan2007b}
    Yuan, R. F., et al. 2007b, AAS Meeting Abstracts, 211, \#105.05
    % ADS reference.
    % Title:  The ROTSE Supernova Verification Project (RSVP): Status and Early Discoveries
    % 9 coauthors.
    % Among these, SN 2007if is a particularly interesting example of an apparent 
    % SN Ia involving the destruction of a super-Chandrasekhar mass system. Its 
    % spectrum closely matches that of SN 2003fg which was the first such case 
    % that has been observed. Our photometry data show a lightcurve that is 
    % a factor of 2 overluminous for a SN Ia, consistent with this interpretation.

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\bibitem[Zeilik(1994)]{zeilik1994} Zeilik, M. 1994, 
        Astronomy:  The Evolving Universe, 7th edition
        (New York:  John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) (Ze1994)
        % (Ze1994-???)


\bibitem[Zeilik(2002)]{zeilik2002} Zeilik, M. 2002,
        Astronomy:  The Evolving Universe, 9th edition
        (Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press) (Ze2002)
        % The material seems watered down from earlier editions, but
        % its all full of the new pedagogy.
        % (Ze2002-???)



\bibitem[Zurek(2003)]{zurek2003}
    Zurek, W. H. 2003, arXiv:quant-ph/0306072v1
    % Qant-ph reference.
    % Title:  Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical -- REVISITED
    % A popular review of the status of decoherence theory as of 2003, before
    % envariance got coined.
    % History of decoherence started in circa 1970 with Zeh.



\bibitem[Zurek(2005)]{zurek2005}
    Zurek, W. H. 2005, Phys. Rev. A 71, 052105, arXiv:quant-ph/0405161v2 
    % the 052105 is not a page number but an article number, but it seems
    % the official reference.
    % Qant-ph reference.
    % Title:  Probabilities from Entanglement, Born's Rule from Envariance



\bibitem[Zurek(2009)]{zurek2009}
    Zurek, W. H. 2009, Nature Physics, 5, 181, arXiv:0903.5082v1
    % Qant-ph reference.
    % Title:  Quantum Darwinism