Table: Solar-System Planets Plus Some Solar-System Planet-Like Astronomical Objects, Earth's Umbra Extent (UE), and Earth's L2 Point

    Planet Discovery Mean Orbital Orbital Eccent- Inclination Radius or Diameter /Astronom- Year Radius Period ricity to Ecliptic (R_eq_⊕ or D_eq_⊕) ical Object (AU) (Jyr) (°)
    Mercury prehistory 0.387098 0.240846 0.205630 7.005 0.38251 Venus prehistory 0.723332 0.615198 0.006772 3.39458 0.94884 Earth prehistory 1.000001018 1.000017... 0.0167086 0.00005 1 Earth UE Gr-Ro Ant. 1.0094 1.000017... ? 0.00005 0 Earth L2 c.1750 1.010 1.000017... ? 0.00005 0 Mars prehistory 1.523679 1.8808 0.0934 1.850 0.53248 Vesta 1807 2.36179 3.63 0.08874 7.14043 0.04489 Ceres 1801 2.7675 4.60 0.075823 10.593 0.07566 Jupiter prehistory 5.20260 11.8618 0.048498 1.303 11.209 Saturn prehistory 9.554909 29.4571 0.05555 2.485240 9.4492 Uranus 1781 19.2184 84.0205 0.046381 0.773 4.0073 Neptune 1846 30.110387 164.8 0.009456 1.767975 3.8826 Pluto 1930 39.54 248.00 0.24905 17.1405 0.1861 Eris 2005 67.781 558.04 0.44068 44.0445 0.1823 Planet Nine? 2025 est. 700 est. 1500 est. 0.6 est. 30 est. 3 est.

    Notes:
    1. The quantities: planet or planet-like astronomical object and Earth's L2 point, discovery year, mean orbital radius (in astronomical units (1 AU= 1.49597870700*10**11 m)), eccentricity, orbital inclination (in degrees), equatorial radius/diameter (or whatever is largest specified radius/diameter; in Earth equatorial radii (R_eq_⊕ = 6378.1370 km)/Earth equatorial diameters (D_eq_⊕ = 12756.2740 km)), orbital period (in Julian years (1 Jyr = 365.25 days)).
    2. The astronomical objects, their astronomical symbols (if there is one), and discovery years (if there is one, otherwise prehistory) in order of increasing mean orbital radius:
        Mercury ☿, Venus ♀, Earth ⊕, Earth's Umbra Extent (UE) (known since Greco-Roman antiquity), Earth L2 point (discovery circa 1750 by Leonhard Euler (1707--1783): see Wikipedia: Lagrange point: History), Mars ♂, asteroid Vesta ⚶ (1807), asteroid Ceres ⚳ (1801), Jupiter ♃, Saturn ♄, Uranus ⛢ or ♅ (1781), Neptune ♆ (1846), Kuiper Belt object (KB0) ex-planet Pluto ♇ (1930), scattered disk object (SDO) Eris (2005), hypothetical Planet Nine (2025 estimated).
    3. For the data, see and the linked names above. The data are probably mostly epoch J2000, but yours truly has NOT checked this---there is a limit to finickiness.
    4. It may see odd, that the Earth mean orbital radius, orbital period, and orbital inclination values are NOT exactly, respectively, 1, 1, and 0. But the fact is that Solar System evolves in time: slowly, but noticeably, to modern accuracy/precision. The evolution is due to astronomical perturbations (mainly gravitational perturbations) caused by the mutual interactions of the Solar System objects. So invariant natural standards have been been defined to avoid the confusion of having to update both astronomical values and the standards by which they are measured as time passes. Determining evolving standards to high accuracy/precision is actually very difficult and finicky work. We can explicate the cases of this note. The modern astronomical unit (AU) = 1.49597870700*10**11 m exactly by definition. The year used in astronomical work is always the Julian year = 365.25 days (exact by definition) which differs slightly from the sidereal year = 365.256363004 days (J2000) (which is the orbital period relative to the observable universe). The true ecliptic orientation relative to the invariable plane (of the Solar System) (invariable relative to the observable universe) varies slowly too and at some time a fiducial ecliptic with an invariant orientation relative to said invariable plane was established. So the orbital inclination of the Earth's orbit (which is 0° relative to the true ecliptic, of course) varies slowly and slightly. Nowadays we just refer to the fiducial ecliptic as the ecliptic without qualification usually.
    5. Note planet and planet-like astronomical object orbits are close to being circles (i.e., the eccentricities are relatively small) and are nearly in the ecliptic plane (i.e., the orbital inclinations are relatively small). Mercury and the degraded Pluto, Eris, and the hypothetical Planet Nine are the 4 outliers in regard to both eccentricity and inclination to ecliptic.
    6. Eccentricity is, among other things, the RELATIVE AMOUNT that the Sun-planet distance varies from the mean orbital radius. For example, Mercury goes 20.5630 % nearer and farther from the Sun than the mean orbital radius. Mercury, Pluto, Eris and hypothetical Planet Nine have the largest eccentricities.
    7. The Earth's L2 point is in the news circa the 2020s since the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST, 2021--2041?) is deployed in a halo orbit (which is NOT an orbit in the usual sense) about said L2 point (see Wikipedia: James Webb Space Telescope: Features; Wikipedia: James Webb Space Telescope: Orbit - design). The Earth's L2 point is a point where the orbital centrifugal force cancels the combined gravitational forces of Earth and Sun to create an unstable equilibrium that corotates with the Earth and does NOT obey Kepler's 3 laws of planetary motion (Wikipedia: Lagrange point: L2 point). The halo orbit is needed for obital station-keeping in the vicinity of unstable equilibrium and the JWST occasionally needs small rocket thrusts by its thrusters to maintain the halo orbit (see Wikipedia: James Webb Space Telescope: Orbit - design). The Earth's L2 point is just a bit beyond the Earth's umbra extent (UE), and so if you were exactly at the Earth's L2 point, the you would see a perpetual annular solar eclipse (due to Earth, not Moon): i.e., the dark nightside of the Earth centered on the disk of the Sun's solar photosphere. The halo orbit of the JWST has a radius varying between 250,000 km and 832,000 km (which are both much larger than the Earth equatorial radius R_eq_⊕ = 6378.1370 km), and so yours truly thinks the JWST NEVER experiences even a partial solar eclipse (due to Earth, not Moon). Since the JWST is powered by solar panels, it must received sunlight. However, the JWST needs the JWST sunshield to shield its instruments from heating by sunlight. It would have been convenient to prevent heating by sunlight if the JWST experienced a perpetual total solar eclipse (due to Earth, not Moon) by the Earth's umbra.
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