- This is an image Moon map with labels.
The lunar phase is
full moon
or, maybe, waxing gibbous moon
just before full moon.
- The near side of the Moon is
the only one we see from Earth.
- The near side
is actually the most interesting side to look at and probably for
lunar geology because of the large
maria (singular mare).
Maria means "seas" in
Latin.
The early telescopic observers of the
17th century thought
the maria might be seas.
They soon realized this was wrong.
However, the name is still appropriate since the
maria are
lava plains:
i.e., the frozen seas of lava
from lava flows welling up from the
interior of the young maria formed
3.5--3 Gyr ago though some might be have formed as recently as 1.2 Gyr ago
(see Wikipedia: Lunar mare: Ages).
The far side of the Moon
has only small maria and looks rather bland
and uninteresting compared to the
near side.
The maria actually cover only
∼ 16 % of the
lunar surface, but
they look more extensive to
Earthlings just because
they cover ∼ 30 % of the
near side
(see Wikipedia: Lunar Mare).
- The part of the
lunar surface
which is NOT
maria
is the lunar highlands.
It is the early surface of the
Moon
and is much more heavily cratered than the
maria.
This is because the
lunar highlands
were subjected to the
heavy bombardment
in the early Solar System
(4.6--3.8 Gyr ago), whereas the
maria formed mostly later.
The heavy bombardment
was due to the fact that the
Solar System
had far more bodies then than now
(protoplanets
and planetesimals)
that were mostly
lost through impact events
or ejection from
the Solar System
by gravitational assists.
- The Moon has the orientation it would have
on the celestial sphere with
equatorial coordinate system
directions
north at the top,
south at the bottom,
east at the left,
and west at the right.
This is the conventional orientation for modern images and maps of the
Moon.
- The
Mare Tranquillitatis (AKA Sea of Tranquility)
is west of the north-south line at about mid
north latitude.
The first crewed landing on the
Moon occured there with
Apollo 11
in 1969.
The landing crew consisted of
Neil Armstrong (1930--2012) and
Buzz Aldrin (1930--).
The third crew person
Michael Collins (1930--)
stayed in lunar orbit.
- The obvious lunar crater
in the south is Tycho---which is the
one lunar crater most people remember.
Tycho
is the most obvious rayed crater---it has
large radial rays emanating from it that are fallback from giant plumes that were ejected when
the Tycho impactor impacted.
The rays indicate that Tycho is relatively young
impact crater.
The rays of impact craters are erased
by space weathering over
gigayear time scales.
Tycho is estimated to be 108 Myr old
(see Wikipedia: Tycho:
Age and Description).
- The names of the large features were given long ago before 1881
anyway: see Map of the Moon,
Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas, 1st Edition, Leipzig (Germany) 1881, p. 4,
but note that the south is at the top in that map.
- Labeled Moon features:
Crater Aristarchus,
Crater Byrgius,
Crater Copernicus,
Crater Grimaldi,
Crater Kepler,
Crater Langrenus,
Crater Stevinus,
Crater Tycho,
Mare Crisium,
Mare Cognitum,
Mare Fecunditatis,
Mare Frigoris,
Mare Humorum,
Mare Imbrium,
Mare Insularum,
Mare Nectaris,
Mare Nubium,
Mare Serenitatis,
Mare Tranquillitatis,
Mare Vaporum,
Oceanus Procellarum.
For more Moon features, see
Wikipedia: List of lunar craters,
Wikipedia: List of lunar features,
Wikipedia: List of lunar maria,
Wikipedia: List of lunar mountains and mountain ranges.
- Yours truly's favorite
lunar mare is
Mare Imbrium---it's big, it's round,
it's flanked by those five great
craters:
Archimedes
(not labeled on the image, but on the
selenographic southeast edge
of Mare Imbrium),
Aristarchus,
Autolycus
(not labeled on the image, but on
selenographic east edge of
Mare Imbrium;
named for Autolycus of Pitane (360?--290? BCE)
and NOT for the grandfather
of Ulysses,
Autolycus (Wolf-Himself, Very-Wolf)),
Copernicus,
Kepler.
php require("/home/jeffery/public_html/astro/moon/afar/lunar_pareidolia.html");?>
Credit/Permission: