Image 1 Caption: An animation illustrating traveling waves.

The animation helps to illustrate the Doppler effect in a medium at rest in an inertial frame in the classical limit: i.e., when relativistic effects are negligible.

The classical Doppler effect is a shift in frequency depending on the motion of an observer relative to a medium at rest in an inertial frame in the classical limit: i.e., when relativistic effects are negligible. For the same conditions, there is also a shift in wavelength depending on the motion of a source relative to a medium with the source having a fixed emission frequency: i.e., one independent of the source velocity.

Features:

1. The Doppler shift between two moving observers 1 and 2 is given by

     f_2 = f_1[(1 - v_2/v_ph)/(1 - v_1/v_ph)]  .

2. If v_1/v_ph << 1 and v_2/v_ph << 1, then we have (making use of a Taylor expansion) the 1st order formula

     f_2 - f_1 = -f_1(v_2 - v_1)/v_ph 

   or in the simplifed relative Doppler shift formula form

     Δf/f = -Δv/v_ph  , 

   where Δf is the change in frequency, f is either f_1 or f_2 or an average of these since which is used does NOT matter to 1st order and Δv = (v_2 - v_1) is the relative velocity between the observers.

   Note only to 1st order does the Doppler shift depend only on the relative velocity and NOT on v_1 and v_2 individually.

3. Note:
   1. f_2 > f_1 is a blueshift for observer 2 to observer 1.
   2. f_2 < f_1 is a redshift for observer 2 to observer 1.
   3. However, a blueshift can be considered a negative redshift and often is in astronomy.

4. A key feature of the classical Doppler effect is that wavelength is invariant for ALL observers: i.e., they all measure the same invariant NO matter how they are moving.

5. The situation is very different for Electromagnetic radiation (EMR). EMR (in vacuum: i.e., with NO medium) experiences the (extreme) relativistic Doppler effect since EMR is always moving at the vacuum light speed c = 2.99792458*10**8 m/s ≅ 3*10**8 m/s = 3*10**5 km/s ≅ 1 ft/ns.

   For EMR, wavelength depends on the observer velocity. It is the vacuum light speed is invariant for ALL observers: i.e., they all measure the same invariant NO matter how they are moving.

6. Now there is a wavelength shift for the classical Doppler effect, but it does NOT depend on the velocity of the observer. As aforesaid, it depends on the motion of a source relative to a medium with the source having a fixed emission frequency: i.e., one independent of the source velocity.

   

7. Image 2 Caption: An animation showing the classical (i.e., non-relativistic) Doppler effect for sound for a siren from a car at rest and in motion relative to the air.

8. Qualitatively, the animation explains much of the behavior. Along the car, frequency is increased/decreased (blueshift/redshift) in the forward/backward direction from the car relative to the car at rest.

   Similarly, wavelength is decreased/increased (blueshift/redshift or scrunched/stretched) in the forward/backward direction from the car relative to the car at rest.

   However, one still needs formulae for know quantitative behavior and to bring out the distinction between frequency and wavelength behavior for the classical Doppler effect.

   We present the formula for the frequency Doppler shift above.

   We present the formula for the wavelength Doppler shift below.

9. The formula for the wavelength Doppler shift is

     λ = λ_source(1-v_source/v_ph)  .

   Rewriting the last equation, we have

     Δλ/λ_source = -v_source/v_ph  , 

   where Δλ = λ - λ_source.

   Note all observers in the medium measure the same invariant wavelength and no one measures λ_source, unless v_source = 0 in which case λ = λ_source and all observers in the medium measure λ_source.

10. However, inside the car is a different medium that is at rest relative to the car. Thus, an observer inside the car always measures just frequency f_source and wavelength λ_source.

11. The classical Doppler effect formulae given above are derived and further explicated in Waves file: doppler_effect_classical_derivation.html.

Images:

1. Credit/Permission: © User:Abhinav P B, 2021 / Creative Commons CC BY-SA 4.0.
   Image link: Wikimedia Commons: File:Travelling wave animated plot.gif.
   
2. Credit/Permission: © User:Charly Whisky / Creative Commons CC BY-SA 3.0.
   Image link: Wikipedia: File:Dopplerfrequenz.gif.
   

Local file: local link: doppler_effect_siren_animation.html.
File: Waves file: doppler_effect_siren_animation.html.

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