Caption: "List of Sumerian gods in order of seniority: Enlil, Ninlil, Enki, Nergal, Hendursanga, Inanna-Zabalam (who is probably just Inanna with an epithet meaning "of Zabala), Ninebgal, Inanna (Ishtar in Akkadian), Utu, Nanna. Sumerian language cuneiform script clay tablet, Sumer, 2400--2200 BCE, 1 clay tablet, 4,7x4,4x1,7 cm, single column, 5+5 lines." (Slightly edited.)

This clay tablet is NOT an astronomical text per se, but the Sumerians associated at least some astronomical phenomena with the Sumerian gods.

For example Nergal was associated with the Mars at least in later Babylonian astrology (see Wikipedia: Nergal: Attributes); Wikipedia: Ancient Semitic religion: Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia) and Inanna was associated with Venus (see Wikipedia: Inanna: Inanna as the planet Venus).

Note that buried in dry earth (like that in Tigris-Euphrates River area) kiln-baked clay tablets last for thousands of years---millennia---a very non-volatile memory data storage medium:

---"They wrote on clay", Edward Chiera (1885--1933).