For the comprehensive part of the final, covering Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 you should understand the following:
Diurnal motion
Polaris
Powers of ten (also called 'scientific notation')
Light-year (l.y.)
Look-back time
The difference between Ptolemy's and Copernicus' models of the Solar System
Parallax
Confirmation of General Relativity by the precession of Mercury's orbit
Relative wavelengths of gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared, radio waves
Particles that make up an atom
The three types of spectra: continuous, emission, absorption
The proton-proton cycle (you need not memorize the detailed reactions)
Spectral classes (types)
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
Main sequence
Dwarf star
White dwarf
Brown dwarf
Chandrasekhar limit
Interstellar medium (ISM)
Interstellar reddening
Giant molecular clouds
Synchrotron radiation (synchrotron emission)
Supernova, Types Ia, Ib and Ic, II
Neutron star
Black hole
Extrasolar planets